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基于單片機(jī)的水塔水位控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)士學(xué)位論文(文件)

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【正文】 oot in the tracking time. But a welldesigned fuzzy controller is able to overe the false water level phenomenon, and has good control performance. A. Sstructure of Fuzzy Controller The structure showed in Figure 1. Figure 1. Structure of steam generator water level fuzzy controller Choose the water level error (e) and change rate of error (ec) as input of the fuzzy controller, the output of the fuzzy controller is the added value of the valve opening signal Δu. Meanwhile, use the steam flow feedforward to overe the false water level phenomenon, use water flow feedback to overe fluctuations in water supply side . k1, k2 were water flow and。 GS (s) for the effect of the steam flow (load) to the steam generator water level. The balance of the steam generator water level is maintained through the match between the water flow and steam flow. The process that water level changes with the steam flow or water flow changing can be regarded as a simple integration process, but impact of the water flow and steam flow ?s change on water level is different. A. Dynamics Characteristics under Water Flow Disturbance Suppose steam flow GS remains unchanged, and water flow GW step increases, on the o ne hand because the temperature of feed water is much lower than the temperature of saturated water in the steam generator, so that , when feed water entering, it will absorb a lot of extra heat, the vapor phase bubble contents will reduce, resulting in water level decreasing。 the steam generator?s water level must be controlled in a certain range. When the nuclear power plant is running, as the steam flow or the water flow changing, the amount of boiling bubbles in the steam generator will change due to local pressure or temperature change, the instantaneous water level showed “false water level” phenomenon . The existence of “false water level” made it difficult to control the water level. The introduction of feedforward control to the traditional singleloop PID control can, in a certain extent, overe the false water level phenomenon. But the conventional PID control method in the process of steam generator water level control has some shortings. To the steam generator that has highly plex, large timedelay and nonlinear timevarying characteristics, the PID parameters tuning is a tedious job and the control effect is very poor. Furthermore, to achieve good control performance still as conditions changing, it often needs to change the PID controller parameters. But the analog PID controller parameters are difficult to regulate online. Fuzzy control is a kind of nonlinear 沈陽理工大學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位論文 29 control strategy based on fuzzy reasoning, which express operating experience of skilled manipulation men and mon sense rules of inference through vague language. Fuzzy control do not need to know precise mathematical model of controlled object, is not sensitive to the change of process parameters, is highly robust and can overe nonlinear factors, so, fuzzy control has faster response and smaller ultra tone, can get better control effect. Based on understanding above, this paper design a steam generator water level fuzzy controller, the simulation shows that the controller has good control performance and practical value. II. DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF STEAM GENERATOR The transfer function of PWR steam generator?s mathematical model of the general form shows below: y(s)=GW(s)QW(s)+GS(s)QS(s) ( 1) where y is the steam generator water level。而且本系統(tǒng)采用 USB 接口供電,使系統(tǒng)的抗干擾能力比普通電池要較強(qiáng)一些。 沈陽理工大學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位論文 26 7 結(jié)論 此課題屬于設(shè)計(jì)類,在分析了設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)后,查閱大量的資料和相關(guān)的書籍,最終選定了以 SCT89C52 單片機(jī)為核心控制器來進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)。 。主要查看是否把 LED 燈的陰陽極接反。 調(diào)試步驟 ( 1) .元件安裝前的測(cè)量 :在元件沒有在萬能板上進(jìn)行焊接的時(shí)候我們是不能直接拿過來就進(jìn)行使用的,必須經(jīng)過檢測(cè),像 LED 燈可以用萬用表測(cè)試一下看其是否會(huì)發(fā)光,測(cè)試三級(jí) 管的好壞,器件的檢測(cè)工作都要在焊接之前做好。軟件編程中,首先編寫單元模塊程序,并且解決在硬件上調(diào)試成功問題,即可以做系統(tǒng)整體程序調(diào)試。特別是容易損壞的元件要后焊,在焊集成芯片時(shí)連續(xù)焊接時(shí)間不要超過 10s,注意芯片的安裝方向。 具體仿真及結(jié)果 沈陽理工大學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位論文 21 水位由低到高數(shù)碼管顯示分別為 1, 2, 3, 1 時(shí)繼電器打開,水泵抽水,當(dāng)水位達(dá)到 4 時(shí)蜂鳴器報(bào)警提示。相信在單片機(jī)開發(fā)應(yīng)用中 PROTEUS 也能茯得愈來愈廣泛的應(yīng)用。這在相當(dāng)程度上替代了傳統(tǒng)的單片機(jī)實(shí)驗(yàn)教學(xué)的功能,例:元器件選擇、電路連接、電路檢測(cè)、電路修改、 軟件調(diào)試 、運(yùn)行結(jié)果等。 ( 4) Proteus 提供的調(diào)試手段, Proteus 提供了較豐富地測(cè)試信號(hào)用于電路測(cè)試。理論上同一種儀器可以在一個(gè)電路中隨意調(diào)用。 ( 2)完善的電路仿真功能( Prospice) Prospice 混合仿真:基于工業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn) SPICE3F5,實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)字 ,模擬電路的混合仿真; 超過 27000個(gè)仿真器件:可以通過內(nèi)部原型或 使用廠家的 SPICE 文件自行設(shè)計(jì)仿真器件, Labcenter 也在不斷地發(fā)布新的仿真器件,還可導(dǎo)入第三方發(fā)布的仿真器件; 多樣的激勵(lì)源:包括直流、正弦、脈沖、分段線性脈沖、音頻、指數(shù)信號(hào)、單頻FM、數(shù)字時(shí)鐘和碼流,還支持文件形式的信號(hào)輸入。 Proteus 而且還提供了一個(gè)圖形顯示功能,可以將線路上變化信號(hào),以圖形的方式實(shí)時(shí)地顯示出來,其作用與示波器相似。在工作之前,需要設(shè)置 view 菜單下的捕捉對(duì)齊和 system 下的顏色、圖形界面大小等項(xiàng)目。 Proteus 與其他仿真軟件的異同 Proteus 與其它單片機(jī)仿真軟件不同的是,它不僅能模擬單片機(jī) CPU ,也能模擬單片機(jī)外圍電路或是沒有單片機(jī)參與的其它電路工作情況。通過制作 PCB 板子,該系統(tǒng)已成功運(yùn)用于某實(shí)驗(yàn)水冷卻系統(tǒng)。使各功能程序模塊化,子程序化,縮短程序長(zhǎng)度,加快運(yùn)算速度,縮沈陽理工大學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位論文 16 短程序執(zhí)行時(shí)間。 ( 5)程序的調(diào)試。 ( 2)制定合理的程序框圖,這不僅僅是程序設(shè)計(jì)的一個(gè)重要組成部分,而且是決定成功與否的很關(guān)鍵部分。軟件的質(zhì)量直接影響整個(gè)系統(tǒng)功能的實(shí)現(xiàn)。但預(yù)處理命令,函數(shù)頭和 花括號(hào)“ }”之后不能加分號(hào)。 ( 2)每個(gè)源文件可由一個(gè)或多個(gè)函數(shù)組成。而 C 語言允許程序編寫者有較大的自由度。 ( 4) C 是結(jié)構(gòu)式語言 :結(jié)構(gòu)式語言的顯著特點(diǎn)是代碼及數(shù)據(jù)的分隔化 ,即程序的各個(gè)部分除了必要的信息交流外彼此獨(dú)立。 ( 3)數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)極其豐富 :C 的數(shù)據(jù)類型有:整型、實(shí)型、字符型、數(shù)組類型、指針類型等。 C 語言可以和匯編語言一樣 對(duì)位、字節(jié)和地址進(jìn)行操作 , 而這三個(gè)是計(jì)算機(jī)最基本的工作單元。因此它是廣泛移植到各類計(jì)算機(jī),并且它形成多種 C 語言 C 語言對(duì)操作系統(tǒng)和系統(tǒng)使用程序以及需要對(duì)硬件進(jìn)行操作的場(chǎng)合,用 C 語言明顯優(yōu)于其它高級(jí)語言,許多大型應(yīng)用軟件都是用 C 語言編寫的。它也可以直接訪問所述存儲(chǔ)器的物理地址,進(jìn)行位 (bit)一級(jí)的操作。由于 C 語言的強(qiáng)大功能,并逐漸為人們知道P22 P23 P24 P25 P26 P27 P21 P20 輸出控制動(dòng)作 顯示 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 水泵抽水 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 保持上一狀態(tài) 2 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 保持上一狀態(tài) 3 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 保持上一狀態(tài) 4 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 保持上一狀態(tài) 5 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 水泵停止抽水 6 * * * * * * 0 1 水泵抽水 顯示當(dāng)前水位 * * * * * * 1 0 水泵停止抽水 顯示當(dāng)前水位 沈陽理工大學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位論文 14 的優(yōu)點(diǎn),由八十年代, C 開始進(jìn)入其它操作系統(tǒng),并很快在各類大,中,小和微型計(jì)算機(jī)已廣泛使用。 沈陽理工大學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位論文 13 4 系統(tǒng)軟件設(shè)計(jì) 系統(tǒng)主要軟件設(shè)計(jì)原理 當(dāng)水位處于低水位的時(shí)候,低水傳感器檢測(cè)到低水位時(shí),會(huì)產(chǎn)生一個(gè)低電平,送入單片機(jī)的 , 單片機(jī)經(jīng)過分析,在 P1口輸出一組信號(hào),驅(qū)動(dòng)數(shù)碼管顯示當(dāng)前水位, , 電平驅(qū)動(dòng)紅色 LED,指示當(dāng)前水泵有在進(jìn)行抽水工作, 當(dāng)水位處于正常范圍內(nèi)時(shí),水泵加水,紅色 LED 亮 ; 當(dāng)水位在高水位區(qū)時(shí),高水位傳感器檢測(cè)到高水位時(shí),會(huì)產(chǎn)生一個(gè)低電平,送入單片機(jī)的 ,單片機(jī)經(jīng)過分析,在 P1口輸出一組信號(hào),驅(qū)動(dòng)數(shù)碼管顯示當(dāng)前水位, ,使三極
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