【正文】 c method and inductive reasoning) 1621 Snell discovered the law of refraction 1628 Harvey published a book describing blood circulation 1633 The Inquisition denounced Galileo 1637 Descartes Published Geometry 1638 Galileo published Discourses Concerning Two New Sciences, summarizing the principles of mechanics 1642 Pascal invented the mechanical adding machine 1650 Archbishop Usher estimated by reading the Bible that the earth was created on October 23, 4004 BC at 9:00 AM 1652 Pascal discovered laws of fluid pressure 1654 Guericke invented the vacuum pump 1660 Redi disproved theory of spontaneous generation with experiment on flies 1666 Newton invented the calculus 1666 Newton discovered glass prism separates white light into spectrum 1675 Leibniz independently invented the calculus 1687 Newton published Principia, describing the laws of motion 1690 Locke published Essay Concerning Human Understanding (empiricism, tabula rasa) 1692 The first witchcraft trials in Salem, Massachusetts 1704 Newton published Opticks 1738 Bernoulli proposed laws of fluid mechanics 1758 Linnaeus developed taxonomy of species, proposed binomial nomenclature 1764 Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny 1769 Watt invented the modern steam engine 1777 Lavoisier proposed idea of chemical pounds made of elements 1781 Herschel discovered Uranus 1783 Michel and Montgolfier invented the hot air balloon。 about 30,000 more people died within several weeks 1946 Gamow proposed the Big Bang hypothesis. 1946 The University of Pennsylvania developed the ENIAC puter, containing 18,000 vacuum tubes 1947 W. F. Libby invented radiocarbon dating 1947 Researchers at Bell Labs invented the transistor 1947 Discovery of the pion (predicted by Yukawa in 1935) 1948 Kinsey published Sexual Behavior in the Human Male 1951 Franklin discovered nucleic acids (RNA and DNA), helical shape 1952 The first sexchange surgery, transforming Gee Jensen into Christine Jensen 1953 Kinsey published Sexual Behavior in the Human Female 1953 Watson and Crick discovered DNA has double helix, posed of ATCG bases occuring in pairs (A with T, and C with G) 1953 Miller produced amino acids from inanic pounds and sparks 1953 Radioactive fluorine dating proved that the Piltdown Man artifact was a hoax 1956 Discovery of the neutrino (predicted by Pauli in 1930) 1957 The first artificial satellite, Sputnik, put into earth orbit 1958 . Congress established NASA 1959 First unmanned spacecraft hit the moon (Soviet Union) 1960 Maiman invented the ruby laser 1960 Javan invented the heliumneon laser 1960 Goodall studied chimpanzees in Tanzania 1960 Development and approval of the birth control pill 1961 A person orbited the earth for the first time (Yuri Gagarin) 1963 Vine and Matthews discovered that rock layers with particular magic orientations, indicating reversals of the earth’s magic field, are symmetrical about the midoceanic ridge, indicating that new crust is created at the ridge. 1963 GellMann proposed protons and neutrons are made of smaller particles (quarks) 1964 Discovery of a quasar 1964 Unmanned . spacecraft transmitted television pictures of the moon before hitting the surface 1964 Wilson and Penzias discovered the background microwave radiation of the universe 1965 The first space walk (Soviet Union) 1966 The first unmanned soft landing on the moon (Soviet Union) 1967 Salam and Weinberg developed a model to unite electromagism and the weak nuclear force. 1967 Bell and Hewish discover pulsars 1967 . astronauts Grissom, White and Chaffee killed during ground test。 discovered moons 1989 An asteroid came relatively close to colliding with the earth 1990 Hubble Space Telescope launched。 contained recording of earth sounds, including music and greetings in 55 Earth languages 1977 Submarine Alvin explored midoceanic ridge, discovered chemosynthetic life 1979 First test tube baby from artificial insemination 1979 Voyager 1 and 2 photographed Jupiter 1980 Voyager 2 photographed Saturn 1980 Introduction of the the munication protocol that led to the Inter 1981 Binnig and Rohrer invented the scanning tunneling microscope 1981 . launched the first space shuttle, Columbia 1982 First launch of munications satellites into orbit by space shuttle 1984 First retrieval of malfunctioning satellites, repair and relaunch by space shuttle 1984 Discovery of ozone hole over Antarctica 1986 Voyager 2 photographed Uranus。 first shiptoshore message 1898 Curie and Curie announced their discovery of radium and polonium 1899 Marconi established wireless telegraph service between England and France 1900 First public awareness of Mendel’s findings in geics, when his 18651866 papers were found 1900 Freud published The Interpretation of Dreams 1900 Finlay discovered that yellow fever is spread by mosquitos 1900 Planck proposed that energy can only be absorbed or emitted by matter in discrete amounts (quanta) 1901 First transatlantic wireless telegraph 1902 Discovery of Tyrannosaurus Rex 1902 Kennelly (.) and Heaviside (England) independently discovered the ionosphere 1903 The botanist De Vries discovered mutations in plants 1903 Wright brothers’ airplane remained in flight for 12 seconds 1904 Fleming invented vacuum tube diode 1904 Geics experiments by Thomas Man, discovery of