【正文】 , iron, screwpropelled steamship Typewriter invented. 1844 Chambers, Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation. Commercial use of Morse’s telegraph (Baltimore to Washington). c. 1845 Turretlathe. 1846 Pneumatic tire patented First telegraph cable laid under the Channel. Ether used in a major operation. Elias Howe invents sewing machine. 1847 Boole, Mathematical Logic. 1849 Monier develops reinforced concrete. 1850 Petrol (gasoline) refining first used. Isaac Singer mercializes sewing machine Natural Science Honours School established at Oxford. 1851 Singer invents first practical sewing machine. Natural Sciences Tripos at Cambridge. 1854 Bessemer invents steel converter. 1855 Regius Chair of Technology founded at Edinburgh. Yale lock invented。 H. Spencer, Principles of Psychology. 1856 Bessemer’s converter enables mass production of steel . Perkin produces aniline dyes, permitting brightly colored cottons. 1857 Pasteur experiments with fermentation. 1858 First TransAtlantic Cable pleted Cathode rays discovered. 1859 Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species. Edwin Drake strikes oil in Pennsylvania. Etienne Lenoir demonstrates the first successful gasoline engine. 1860 Science degrees at University of London. 1861 Universal milling machine invented。 Machine gun. 1863 SiemensMartin open hearth process (along with the Bessemer converter) makes steel available in bulk. Steel begins to replace iron in building: steel framing and reinforced concrete make possible curtainwall ., the skyscraper. 1867 Lister demonstrates the use of carbolic antiseptic. Alfred Nobel produces dynamite, the first high explosive which can be safely handled. 1869 Mendel233。ev produces the Periodic Table. c. 1870 Automatic lathe 1873 Christopher Sholes invents the Remington typewriter. James Clerk Maxwell states the laws of electromagic radiation 1876 Bell invents the telephone. Robert Koch discovers the anthraxcausing microanism, demonstrates its life cycle and explains how it causes disease after long dormancy. 1877 Edison invents the phonograph GilchristThomas basic process permits using wider range of ores for manufacturing steel 1878 Microphone invented. 1879 Edison invents the incandescent lamp. 1882 Koch isolates tuberculosis bacillus. 1883 First skyscraper (ten stories) in Chicago. The Brooklyn Bridge opens. This large suspension bridge, built by the Roeblings (father and son), is a triumph of engineering. 1884 Maxim invents the machine gun, making possible mass slaughter and beginning the mechanization of warfare. Carl Kohler uses cocaine as a local anesthetic. Koch isolates the cholera bacillus. 1885 Benz develops first automobile to run on internal bustion engine. Pasteur develops hydrophobia vaccine. 1886 . Fitz identifies appendicitis. 1888 Hertz produces radio waves. 1889 Eiffel Tower. 1890 Wm. James, Principles of Psychology. Koch develops tuberculin, which can be used to test for tuberculosis. 1892 Rudolf Diesel invents his namesake. 1895 Lumi232。re brothers develop Cinematograph. Roentgen discovers Xrays. 1896 Marconi patents wireless telegraph. Becquerel discovers radioactivity in uranium. 1897 Joseph Thomson discovers particles smaller than atoms. 1899 Aspirin invented. 1900 Planck develops quantum theory. First Zeppelin built. Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams. 1901 Marconi transmits first transAtlantic radio message (from Cape Cod). 1903 Wright brothers make first powered flight. 1905 Einstein, Special Theory of Relativity. 1908 Henry Ford massproduces the Model T. 1910 Paul Ehrlich develops Salvarsan, the first drug devised to overwhelm a microanism (syphilis) without offending the host. 1919 London to Paris air service begun. 1920 James Smathers develops the first electric typewriter. 1922 Radio broadcasting begins. 1926 Robert Goddard experiments with liquidfueled rockets. 1928 Alexander Fleming isolates penicillin. 1932 Empire State Building pleted. 1936 BBC begins regular television service. 1945 The atomic bomb: first New Mexico, then Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Scientists can never again close their eyes to the social effects of their discoveries. 1957 Sputnik. 1961 The USSR puts the first man (Yuri Gagarin) in space. 1969 Neil Armstrong sets foot on the moon. A Chronology of Significant Events in the History of Science and Technology c. 2725 . Imhotep in Egypt considered the first medical doctor c. 2540 . Pyramids of Egypt constructed c. 20xx . Chinese discovered magic attraction c. 700 . Greeks discovered electric attraction produced by rubbing amber c. 600 . Anaximander discovered the ecliptic (the angle between the plane of the earth’s rotation and the plane of the solar system) c. 600 . Thales proposed that nature should be understood by replacing myth with logic。 that all matter is made of water c. 585 . Thales correctly predicted solar eclipse c. 530 . Pythagoras developed mathematical theory c. 500 . Anaximenes introduced the ideas of condensation and rarefaction c. 450 . Anaxagoras proposed the first clearly materialist philosophy the universe is made entirely of matter in motion c. 370 . Leucippus and Democritus proposed that matter is made of small, indestructible particles 335 . Aristotle established the Lyceum。 studied philosophy, logic c. 300 . Euclid wrote Elements, a treatise on geometry c. 300 . Aristarchus proposed that the earth revolves around the sun。 calculated diame