【正文】 ollowed by some questions at unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. Passage One Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage. In 1985 when a Japan Air Lines (JAL) jet crashed, its president, Yasumoto Takagi, called each victim’s family to apologize, and then promptly resigned. And in 1987, when a subsidiary of Toshiba sole sensitive military technology to the former Soviet Union, the chairman of Toshiba gave up his post. These executive actions, which Toshiba calls “the highest form of apology,” may seem bizarre to US managers. No one at Boeing resigned after the JAL crash, which may have been caused by a faulty Boeing repair. The difference between the two business cultures centers around different definitions of delegation. While US executives give both responsibility and authority to their employees, Japanese executives delegate only authority— the responsibility is still theirs. Although the subsidiary that sold the sensitive technology to the Soviets had its own management, the Toshiba top executives said they “must take personal responsibility for not creating an atmosphere throughout the Toshiba group that would make such activity unthinkable, even in an independently run subsidiary.” Such acceptance of munity responsibility is not unique to businesses in Japan. School principals in Japan have resigned when their students mitted major crimes after school hours. Even if they do not quit, Japanese executives will often accept primary responsibility in other ways, such as taking the first pay cut when a pany gets into financial trouble. Such personal sacrifices, even if they are largely symbolic, help to create the sense of munity and employee loyalty that is crucial to the Japanese way of doing business. Harvard Business School professor Gee Lodge calls the ritual acceptance of blame “almost a feudal (封建的 ) way of purging (清除 ) the munity of dishonor,” and to some in the United States, such resignations look cowardly. However, in an era in which both business and governmental leaders seem particularly good at evading responsibility, many US managers would probably wele an infusion (灌輸 ) of the Japanese sense of responsibility, If, for instance, US automobile pany executives offered to reduce their own salaries before they asked their workers to take pay cuts, negotiations would probably take on a very different character. 21. Why did the chairman of Toshiba resign his position in 1987? A) In Japan, the leakage of a slate secret to Russians is a grave came. B) He had been under attack for shifting responsibility to his subordinates. C) In Japan, the chief executive of a corporation is held responsible for the mistake made by its subsidiaries. D) He had been accused of being cowardly towards crises that were taking place in his corporation. 22. According to the passage if you want to be a good manager in Japan, you have to ________. A) apologize promptly for your subordinates39。s parties at all. C) It will be the first time for the man to attend John39。s willing to lend the woman money for the fur coat. D) The woman is not careful enough in planning her spending. 3. A) Clean the kitchen. B) Ask someone to fix the sink. C) Find a bigger apartment for the lady. D) Check the work done by the maintenance man. 4. A) The lens. C) The flash. B) The price. D) The leather case. 5. A) She needs another haircut soon. B) She thinks it worthwhile to try Santerbale’s C) She knows a less expensive place for a haircut. D) She would like to make an appointment for the man. 6. A) The woman doesn39。t want to attend the lecture. D) The woman may attend next Monday’s lecture. 2. A) The woman has a very tight budget. B) He does not think the fur coat is worth buying. C) He39。t enjoy John39。s skin is more valuable. C) The Asian elephant is less popular with tourists. D) The Asian elephant produces ivory of a better quality. 15. A) From the captured or tamed elephants. B) From the British wildlife protection group. C) From elephant hunters in Thailand and Burma. D) From tourists visiting the ThaiBurmese border. 16. A) Their taming for circuses and zoos. B) The destruction of their natural homes. C) Man39。 and on all those dimensions it has bee better as the century has grown older. The main problem is its prevalence, and the social costs that ensue from the use by everyone of something that would be fairly harmless if, say, only the rich were to use it. It is a price we pay for equality. Before being too gloomy, it is worth recalling why the car has been arguably the most successful and popular product of the whole of the past 100 years— and remains so. The story begins with the environmental improvement it brought in the 1900s. In New York city in 1900, according to the Car Culture. A 1975 book by J. Flink, a historian, horses deposited millioo pounds of manure(糞 )and 60,000 gallons of urine (尿 ) every day. Every year, the city authorities had to remove an average of 15,000 dead horses from the streets, It made cars smell of roses. Cars were also wonderfully flexible. The main earlier solution to horse pollution and traffic jams was the electric trolley bus (電車(chē) ). But that required fixed overhead wires, and rails and platforms, which were expensive, ugly, and inflexible, The car could go from any A to any B, and allowed towns to develop in all directions with lowdensity housing, rather than just being concentrated along the trolley or rail lines. Rural areas benefited too, for they became less remote. However, since pollution became a concern in the 1950s, experts have predicted— wrongly— that the car boo