假設(shè)檢驗(yàn)相關(guān)知識(shí)簡(jiǎn)介(文件)
【正文】 A: s1?s2 _______________________ HA: s1s2 _______________________ HA: S1S2 _______________________ 把假設(shè)以等式陳述很有用 . 28 Hypothesis Testing Protocol The hypotheses are always statements about the population parameters. 1. State your null hypothesis (Ho ) ?HO : The height of citizens in country A is equal to the height of citizens in country B (m A = m B ). State your Alternative Hypothesis (Ha ) ? HA : The height of citizens in country A is less than the height of citizens in country B (m A m B ). 2. Determine the appropriate statistical test based on the Hypothesis being tested. 3. Determine the level of acceptable risk. ? ? Risk: usually 5% (Default) ? b Risk: Usually 10 – 20% (Default) 29 假設(shè)檢驗(yàn)協(xié)議 假設(shè)總是關(guān)于總體參數(shù)的 陳述 . 1. 定明虛 無(wú) 性假設(shè) (Ho ) ?HO : A國(guó)與 B國(guó)居民身高相等 (m A = m B ). 規(guī)定選擇性假設(shè) (Ha ) ? HA : A國(guó)居民身高低于 B國(guó)居民的身高 (m A m B ). 2. 基于在需被測(cè)試的假設(shè)上，決定適合的統(tǒng)計(jì)測(cè)試 . 3. 決定可接受的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)程度 . ? ? 風(fēng)險(xiǎn) : 通常 5% (預(yù)設(shè) 值 ) ? b 風(fēng)險(xiǎn) : 通常 10 – 20% (預(yù)設(shè) 值 ) 30 Hypothesis Testing Protocol (Cont) 4. Determine the proper sample size for the test (Section 5) 5. Collect a sample of observations from the population. 6. Calculate statistics based on the sample. 7. Use a statistical test to test alternative hypothesis. 8. Based on the test result, we accept or reject Ho based on the previously determined criterion. 9. Translate the results. Translate the statistical conclusion to a practical one. ? Statistical Conclusion: Can we prove difference statistically. ? Practical Conclusion: Do we care about the difference? 31 假設(shè)檢驗(yàn)協(xié)議 (續(xù) ) 4. 決定適合測(cè)試的樣本數(shù)量 (第五部分 ) 5. 從總體中選取需觀察的樣本群 . 6. 計(jì)算樣本的統(tǒng)計(jì) . 7. 用統(tǒng)計(jì)測(cè)試方法測(cè)驗(yàn)選擇性假設(shè) . 8. 在測(cè)試結(jié)果的基礎(chǔ)上，根據(jù)先前確定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，做出選擇或拒絕 Ho 的決定 . 9. 轉(zhuǎn)化結(jié)果 . 將統(tǒng)計(jì)的結(jié)論轉(zhuǎn)換為現(xiàn)實(shí)的結(jié)果 . ? 統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)論 : 我們能從統(tǒng)計(jì)的角度證明差別嗎？ ? 現(xiàn)實(shí)結(jié)果 : 我們需注意這些差別嗎 ? 32 We’ll be using hypothesis testing as a method to prove change Target or desired value One Sample t Are multiple samples the same Mean: two sample t or ANOVA Variation: F test or Test for Equal Variance Proportion of Occurrence: Chi Square C2 33 我們將假設(shè)檢驗(yàn)作為證明差異的一種方法 目標(biāo) 數(shù) 值 一個(gè)樣本 t 若干樣本是否一致 一致 : 兩個(gè) t樣本 或 ANOVA 不一致 : 用 F測(cè)試 或均等 差異 測(cè)試 事情發(fā)生的概率 : Chi Square C2 34 靜夜四無(wú)鄰，荒居舊業(yè)貧。 3. 若過(guò)程中存在統(tǒng)計(jì)上的重大差別，有時(shí)我們就不能利用圖表或算得的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)（樣本均值和樣本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差）作出決策 . 4. 在這種情況下，決定可能是主觀的 . 5. 我們采用正統(tǒng)假設(shè)檢驗(yàn)以客觀地判斷是否存在差別。 12 Hypothesis Tests ? Point Estimates of parameters and Confidence Interval Interpretation are both means for making inferences about sample data. ? Hypothesis tests are designed to
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