【正文】 ? is Several Orders of Magnitude Better Than 3?!!! Sigma: A Measure of Quality 6?的品質(zhì)水準(zhǔn) ? DPPM , Cp=2 中心值 177。 Z Scale of Measure Z = A Unit of Measure Equivalent to the Number of Standard Deviations that a Value is Away from the Target Value Z Values USL LSL ? ? ? = Process Mean 181。 The Potential Performance of a Process, Corrected for an OffTarget Mean LSL USL ? ? ? Process Mean 181。 T Target A 3? Process ] The Potential Performance of a Process, if it Were on Target Long Term Capability (Cpk) Cp Cpk = Long Term Capability Ratio Example Cp = 1 (previous chart) Target = ? 181。 ? ? 在動(dòng)態(tài)的真實(shí)世界中，每一件事都在不停的變化著 ?溫度 ?溼度 ?工具的磨耗 ?原料的差異 ...... ? ?乃由機(jī)率、估計(jì)、經(jīng)驗(yàn)而來(lái) 參考資料 :Evans, . (1975) : Statistical Tolerancing : The State of the Art, Part III. Shifts and Drifts. 6?的四個(gè)假設(shè) ?常態(tài)分配 ? 177。 何謂 6Sigma ? Motorola : ? 衡量指標(biāo) ? 標(biāo)竿研究 ? 願(yuàn)景 ? Philosophy ? 方法 ? 工具 ? 符號(hào) ? 目標(biāo) ? 價(jià)值 ? 2 3 4 5 6 308,537 66,807 6,210 233 . ? DPMO 可用以計(jì)算與衡量任何流程 Sigma 之另一稱呼為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差 2023年達(dá)成 6Sigma水準(zhǔn) 4, 1996 Jack Welch 變成我們文化的一部份 成為我們生活的一部份 . 59 Where Does “Six Sigma” Come From? ? Mikel J. Harry one of the Original Architects ? Previously Headed Quality Function at ABB and Motorola ? Now President/CEO of Six Sigma Academy in Phoenix, Arizona ? Has Consulted for Texas Instruments, Allied Signal (and others) ? Currently Retained by GE to Teach the Implementation, Deployment and Application of Six Sigma Concepts Tools Learning from Those Who Have had Success With 6? Will Accelerate its Implementation at GE What Does “Sigma” Mean? Sigma is a Measure of the Consistency of a Process It (?? is Also the 18th Letter in the Greek Alphabet! Motorola公司認(rèn)為數(shù)據(jù)是滿足顧客的關(guān)鍵，他 們常說(shuō)： ,那麼我們對(duì)它 所知不多 (If we cannot express what we know in numbers, we don39。s as Motorola responded to the threat of Japanese petition which had far lower defective rates. The approach spread to AlliedSignal and to General Electric, whose Chief Executive Officer, Jack Welch, has been the most passionate advocate of SixSigma. Since introducing it worldwide in 1996, GE has made over $1 billion of cost savings. ?1979 年 ，當(dāng)時(shí) Motorola一位資深業(yè)務(wù)主管 Arthur Sundry 在高階主管會(huì)議上說(shuō)： Our quality levels really stink ! ? Six Sigma Quality Program 此名稱乃為 Motorola工程師 Bill Smith所建議，為Robert Galvin所採(cǎi)納。?的偏移 DPPM, Cpk= 或用 DPMO (Defects Per Million Opportunities)表示 U S LL S L? ? ?3 . 4 p p m~ 0 p p m+ 1 . 5 ? s h i f t 0 ????p r o c e s sc a p a b i l i t y ? 偏移177。 Z T Target 0 A 3? Process Problem Solving Approach Center Process Reduce Spread X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X OffTarget Unpredictable OnTarget 6? Helps us Identify and Reduce VARIATION due to: Insufficient Process Capability Unstable Parts Materials Inadequate Design Margin Define What do we want to know ? What is our problem ? What is our defect ? Practical Problem ? Project CTQ’s ? Solid Y, Spec Definition, and Defect Definition ? Building a Justifiable Business Case ? Approved Charter (R0) What did we learn ………Do we have a viable project ? 特性要因圖 The % Variation Due to the Measurement Method GAGE R R GAGE: The instrument used for making Measurements that we want to validate. REPEATABILITY: Does the same operator get the same results When measuring the same part several times? REPRODUCIBILITY: Do different operators get the same results when measuring the same part several times? CAUTION: A Calibration Sticker does not imply that Gage RR is acceptable! Measure What do we want to know ? Statistical Problem ? Project Y, Spec Definition, and Defect Definition ? Gage RR on Y Data ? Process Map ? L1 to Show Z Values with Link to Financials ? Rationalization for Focused Y ? Descriptive Statistics for Focused Y What did we learn ………Mean problem ? Variance ? Both ? 時(shí) 間 GOOD BAD 3 Sigma 6 Sigma Breakthrough Improvement SixSigma 突破 表現(xiàn) 如果我們充份瞭解與掌握 X, 為何我們要持續(xù)測(cè)試與檢驗(yàn) Y? ? Y ? 相依 (Dependent) ? 輸出 (Output) ? 結(jié)果 (Effect) ? 不良結(jié)果 (Symptom) ? 監(jiān)測(cè) (Monitor) ? X1 . . . Xn ? 互相獨(dú)立 (Independent) ? 輸入 (InputProcess) ? 原因 (Cause) ? 問(wèn)題 (Problem) ? 控制 (Control) 為了獲得好的結(jié)果 , 我們是否要專注於 Y 或 X 的行為 ? f (X) Y= 專注於 X 而非 Y Six Sigma焦點(diǎn) CTQ’s(成本 , 品質(zhì) , 交期 , 顧客滿意度 ) 每單位缺點(diǎn)數(shù) 複雜度 DPPM Rolled Thruput Yield SixSigma 分?jǐn)?shù) 流程底限 (Baseline) 流程標(biāo)竿 (Benchmarking) KPOV’s KPIV’s 偏移與漂移 (Shift Drift) SixSigma衡量指標(biāo) 現(xiàn)有衡量指標(biāo) 良率 RMA數(shù)量 返修數(shù)量 顧客抱怨數(shù) ? ? ? ? Leadership Must Ask the Right Questions What Gets Measured Gets Managed SixSigma 衡量指標(biāo) (Metrics) SixSigma 衡量指標(biāo) 定 義 ? CTQ’s: – 重要顧客滿意參數(shù) . 通常包括 品質(zhì) ,成本 ,交期等 . ? KPOV’s: – 關(guān)鍵流程輸出變數(shù) (Key Process Output Variables). 流程中由 KPIV’s反應(yīng)矯正措施之結(jié)果 ? KPIV’s: – 關(guān)鍵流程輸入變數(shù) (Key Process Input Variables). 直接與其他 KPIV’s相關(guān) , 影響改變流程輸出之變數(shù) Changing Focus From Output to Process Y Dependent Output Effect Symptom Monitor X1. . . XN Independent InputProcess Cause Problem Control Identifying and Fixing Root Causes Will Help us Obtain the Desired Output f (X) Y = Some Basic 6?Related Tools Scatter Diagram Over Slept Car Would Not Start Weather Family Problems Other Pareto Diagram Frequency of Occurrence R