物流管理專業(yè)外語知識(文件)
【正文】 pitalize on these advantages. If an efficient transportation system is available, then each location can produce those products for which it is geographically suitable in large quantity, and the total production cost would be much lower. ? 區(qū)域?qū)I(yè)化與規(guī)模經(jīng)濟的原理相似。此外，為利用這些優(yōu)勢，必須要有高效率的交通運輸。第二個量度標準是必須提出的用于滿足需要和愿望的工作量。沒有交通運輸，我們無法利用規(guī)模經(jīng)濟和區(qū)域?qū)I(yè)化來提高整個（全面的）經(jīng)濟效率。 ? This definition identifies the functional ponents of a transportation system (the fixed facilities, the flowentities, and the control system) and encapsulates the fact that transportation provides the connectivity that facilitates other societal interactions. ? 此定義明確了交通運輸系統(tǒng)的功能組成部分（固定設(shè)施、流動實體和控制系統(tǒng)），并概述了交通運輸提供的促進其他社會相互影響的（作用）。雖然（與固定設(shè)施的設(shè)計或規(guī)劃）有聯(lián)系，但建筑學(xué)（幾何）設(shè)計卻不同于設(shè)計的其他方面（例如，結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計指的是有效承受期望值的力或載荷的結(jié)構(gòu)強度），它在別的典型的土木工程課程中會涉及到。 ? In this book, flow entities are considered only in terms of their generic characteristics (such as size, weight, and acceleration and deceleration capabilities) rather than in terms of their specific technological design, which is normally undertaken by mechanical and electrical engineers. ? 在本書中，流動實體只是從他們的一般特點（諸如大小，重量、加速度和減速性能），而不是根據(jù)它們通常由機械和電氣工程師來承擔(dān)的特別的技術(shù)設(shè)計來考慮的。固定設(shè)施正確的幾何設(shè)計必須是一體化的，除了（應(yīng)考慮）車輛的特點之外，還應(yīng)（考慮）車輛控制系統(tǒng)的特點。這種系統(tǒng)包括各種類型的符號，標記，和信號系統(tǒng)及其自身的操作規(guī)則 ? Transportation demand ? 交通運輸需求 ? Transportation systems are constructed neither as pure expressions of engineering ingenuity nor as monuments of purely aesthetic（ , 審美的 , 有審美感的） quality. They are built to serve people in undertaking their economic, social, and cultural activities. ? Although in some culture, demand for transportation is considered as one of four necessities of human being: clothing, food, shelter, and transportation, in the jargon（ ） of the economist, the demand for transportation is derived, or indirect, meaning that people do not normally travel or move their possessions for the sake of movement but to fulfill certain needs, for example, to go to school, to work, to shop, or to visit friends. By the same token , workers do not place themselves in the middle of the morning and evening rush hours because they enjoy traffic congestion but because their work schedules require it. ? 交通運輸系統(tǒng)的創(chuàng)立既不是工程創(chuàng)造的單純的表達式，也不是唯美的紀念碑。 ? Transportation engineers are concerned with acmodating these societal activities by providing efficient ways to satisfy the population39。 。正如前述的運輸系統(tǒng)的定義（所表述的），這個詞匯有代表性的包括了多種常見的相矛盾的、社會上通常認為（十分）重要的需求的平衡（問題）。盡管在某些文化中，交通需求被認為是人類衣食住行的四個基本需要之一，但是用經(jīng)濟學(xué)家的行話來說，交通需求是派生的，或間接的，就是說，正常情況下，人們出行或搬遷其財產(chǎn)是為了（滿足）某些需要而不是為了移動（而出行或搬遷），比如去上學(xué)，工作，購物或訪友。在自動化系統(tǒng)中，同樣如此但存在有更精確可定義的反應(yīng)時間。車輛控制是指在固定設(shè)施中引導(dǎo)單個車輛的技術(shù)方法。它們包括車輛，集裝箱，有軌電車等。 )。（可以說，）一個社會的生活水平和生活方式直接依賴于一個高效的交通運輸系統(tǒng)的有效性。許多事情有助于我們生活的改善，例如先進的技術(shù)、管理和勞動（工作）質(zhì)量的提高等等。 ? Standard of living and transportation ? 生活水平（標準）與交通運輸 ? Generally, the standard of living and lifestyle reflect the manner in which individuals and societies are able to meet their needs and wants. One measure of standard of living is the amount and variety of goods people are able to acquire. A second measure is the amount of efforts th
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