【正文】 members developed a mon set of experiences. 后來的會議就較為平和了，因為大家有了一系列共同的經驗，語言趨同一致，可以互相理解了。 served to lay the groundwork for the development of cyberics as we know it today. 這些會議，與 1948年 Norbert Wiener的 《 事理學 》 一書一起，奠定了我們今天所知的事理學的基礎。 and Norbert Wiener, who suggested that the field be called ‘Cyberics.39。作為一位經過訓練的精神病專家，他將自己在神經生理學、數學與物理的知識結合起來以更好地理解復雜系統。 Cold = Hot Neurophysiology 神經生理學 + Mathematics 數學 + Philosophy 哲學 McCulloch used not only mathematics and neurophysiology to understand the nervous system but also philosophy – a rare bination. Scientists and philosophers are often considered miles apart in their interests – scientists study real, concrete, . . . Warren McCulloch 不僅用數學與神經生理學來理解神經系統，他還用到了哲學，這是一種很少見的組合。 Knowledge – Formed in the Brain Physical Abstract 物質的 抽象的 Brain Mind Knowledge 大腦 心靈 知識 The mind is, in fact, the meeting place between the brain and an idea, between the physical and the abstract, between science and philosophy. 心靈事實上是大腦與想法、物質的與抽象的，科學與哲學的交匯處。他將此稱為”實驗認識論“，用神經生理學來研究知識。 Cyberics = Regulation of Systems The human brain is perhaps the most remarkable regulator of all, regulating the human body as well as many other systems in its environment. A theory of how the brain operates is a theory of how all of human knowledge is generated. 人類的大腦大概是所有的東西中最為非凡的調節(jié)器，調節(jié)著人的身體以及在自己環(huán)境中的許多其他系統。 Mind – Regulates Itself Other Concepts in Cyberics 事理學的其他概念 Now that we have touched on some of the key people, their interests, and their contributions, we shall look at a few additional concepts in cyberics. 我們介紹了一些主要人物、他們的興趣及他們的貢獻，我們還要看一些更多的概念。 Law of Requisite Variety Let39。 Furnace + Air Conditioner = Complexity The same principle applies to living anisms. Human beings have the most plex nervous system and brain of any of the animals. This allows them to engage in many different activities and to have plex bodies. 同樣的原理適用于活器官?？偠灾?，生物體越復雜，大腦就需要越復雜。因此，每 1000個公民有 1－ 2名警察就可以控制違法行為了。一個自組織系統就是一個在走向平衡的過程中更有組織的系統。 The Line – A SelfOrganizing System Even a mixture of salad oil and vinegar is a selfanizing system. As a result of being shaken as shown here, the mixture changes to a homogeneous liquid – temporarily. 即使一瓶混合的沙拉油也是一個自組織系統。 Oil and Vinegar Equilibrium The idea of selfanization leads to a general design rule. In order to change any object, put the object in an environment where the interaction between the object and the environment changes the object in the direction you want it to go. Let39。在高爐這個化學和熱力的環(huán)境中，鐵礦氧化物變成了純鐵。 Educating Children, cont. A third example is the regulation of business by government. To regulate their affairs the people of the United States adopted a Constitution that established three branches of government. By passing laws, Congress creates an environment of tax incentives and legal penalties which are enforced by the Executive Branch. 第三個例子。 Regulation of Business by Government These incentives and penalties, which are adjudicated by the courts, encourage businessmen to modify their behavior in the desired direction. 這些優(yōu)惠與懲罰，由法院進行調節(jié)，鼓勵商人改正自己的不良行為。 Regulation of Business by Government, cont. The recent work on cellular automata, fractal geometry, and plexity can be thought of as an extension of the work on selfanizing systems in the early 1960s. 最近關于細胞的自動控制研究，以及對于不規(guī)則幾何學與復雜性的研究，都可以看作是 1960年代早期自組織系統工作的延續(xù)。 Firmer Foundation for Regulating the Whole World In the late 196039。 Second Order Cyberics Whereas, firstorder cyberics dealt with controlled systems, secondorder cyberics deals with autonomous systems. 一階事理學研究的是被控制的系統，二階事理學研究的是自治系統。 (Margaret Mead是著名人類學家。 Mead – Separating Man from the System, cont. This 39。 Mead – Separating Man from the System, cont. A conscientious news reporter will always be affected by his or her background and experience and hence will necessarily be subjective. Also, one reporter is unable to gather and prehend all the information necessary to give a plete, accurate report on a plex event. 一個稱職的新聞記者總是會受到自己的背景與。 made it impossible for Mead to know what the society was like when she wasn39。 Mead – Separating Man from the System Mead39。但我們從機械系統（科學家在實驗室工作）轉移到社會系統時，要忽視觀察者的角色就不可能了。secondorder cyberics.‘ … 上述幾人開始將事理學的原理運用于理解觀察者的角色。但是事理學也能夠幫助我們理解知識自己是怎樣產生的。每個系統都在走向平衡狀態(tài)的過程中組織自己。美國人用憲法建立了三權分立的機制。孩子在學校中。為了改變一個物體，將物體放入到一個環(huán)境中，其中物體與環(huán)境的互動改變物體，成為你所想要的。 Oil and Vinegar – a SelfOrganizing System As the salad dressing is allowed to go to equilibrium, the mixture changes its structure and the oil and vinegar separate automatically. We could say that the mixture anizes itself. 當沙拉油趨于平衡后，混合液體的結構發(fā)生了變化，油醋自動分離。 Self Organizing Systems For example, a disanized group of people who are waiting . . . 例如，一群散亂地站著在等車的人 … Waiting in Line . . . to take a bus will fall into a line, because of their past experience that lines are a practical, fair way to obtain service. These people constitute a selfanizing system. … 車來了，他們會自動排隊，因為過去的經驗告訴他們排隊是一個讓大家得到服務的實用而公平的方式。也就是說，我們不需要增加警察的數量，只要決定少量的需要管理的人的行為就可以了。例如，為了控制犯罪，不需要也不可能警察與公民的比例為 1： 1，因為警察并不需要管公民的所有活動。這使得人能夠從事許多不同的活動，具備復雜的身體。 Thermostat Example, Revisited If a house has only a furnace, the thermostat can be quite simple – since it controls only the furnace. 如果屋子只有爐子，那溫度計就可以相對簡單，因為它只要控制爐子就行了。當一個系統變得越來越復雜的時候，系統的控制者一定也要變得更為復雜，因為有更多的功能需要調節(jié)。 Human Brain – The Most Remarkable Regulator of All Whereas an antiaircraft gun and a thermostat are devices constructed by people to regulate certain systems, the mind is a system that constructs itself and regulates itself. We shall say more about this phenomenon in a few minutes. 高射防空炮與溫度計是人造出來調節(jié)某些系統的，心