【正文】 )qC(q)C(q)C(q SC ,212121 ???56 Chapter 7 169。 may include more specialized tools and plant anization 4. Suppliers bee more efficient, passing savings to pany 59 Chapter 7 169。2023 Pearson Education, Inc. Dynamic Changes in Costs – The Learning Curve ?The learning curve in the figure is based on the relationship: ???? BNAL 1 and 0betwe en is and positive are consta nts are and output ofunit per input labor produ cedoutput of units cumul ative??B ABA,LN??63 Chapter 7 169。2023 Pearson Education, Inc. Dynamic Changes in Costs – The Learning Curve ? Observations 1. New firms may experience a learning curve, not economies of scale ? Should increase production of many lots regardless of individual lot size 2. Older firms have relatively small gains from learning ? Should produce their machines in very large lots to take advantage of lower costs associated with size 67 Chapter 7 169。2023 Pearson Education, Inc. The Learning Curve in Practice ? Scenario ? A new firm enters the chemical processing industry ? Do they: 1. Produce a low level of output and sell at a high price? 2. Produce a high level of output and sell at a low price? 71 Chapter 7 169。2023 Pearson Education, Inc. Estimating and Predicting Cost ?Estimates of future costs can be obtained from a cost function, which relates the cost of production to the level of output and other variables that the firm can control ?Suppose we wanted to derive the total cost curve for automobile production 75 Chapter 7 169。2023 Pearson Education, Inc. Estimating and Predicting Cost ?If the marginal cost curve is also not linear, we might use a cubic cost function: 32 VC Q ??? ???79 Chapter 7 169。2023 Pearson Education, Inc. Scale Economies in Electric Power Industry 83 Chapter 7 169。 , February 27, 2023 ? 雨中黃葉樹，燈下白頭人。 :44:1103:44:11February 27, 2023 ? 1他鄉(xiāng)生白發(fā)，舊國見青山。 2023年 2月 27日星期一 3時 44分 11秒 03:44:1127 February 2023 ? 1做前，能夠環(huán)視四周；做時，你只能或者最好沿著以腳為起點的射線向前。 :44:1103:44Feb2327Feb23 ? 1世間成事，不求其絕對圓滿，留一份不足，可得無限完美。 。 , February 27, 2023 ? 閱讀一切好書如同和過去最杰出的人談話。勝人者有力，自勝者強。 2023年 2月 27日星期一 3時 44分 11秒 03:44:1127 February 2023 ? 1一個人即使已登上頂峰，也仍要自強不息。 2023年 2月 27日星期一 上午 3時 44分 11秒 03:44: ? 1最具挑戰(zhàn)性的挑戰(zhàn)莫過于提升自我。 :44:1103:44Feb2327Feb23 ? 1越是無能的人，越喜歡挑剔別人的錯兒。 2023年 2月 27日星期一 3時 44分 11秒 03:44:1127 February 2023 ? 1空山新雨后，天氣晚來秋。 :44:1103:44:11February 27, 2023 ? 1意志堅強的人能把世界放在手中像泥塊一樣任意揉捏。 , February 27, 2023 ? 很多事情努力了未必有結果，但是不努力卻什么改變也沒有。 。 :44:1103:44Feb2327Feb23 ? 1故人江海別，幾度隔山川。2023 Pearson Education, Inc. Cost Functions for Electric Power ?Findings ?Decline in cost ? Not due to economies of scale ? Was caused by: ? Lower input cost (coal and oil) ? Improvements in technology 85 Chapter 7 169。2023 Pearson Education, Inc. Estimating and Predicting Cost ? Difficulties in Measuring Cost 1. Output data may represent an aggregate of different types of products 2. Cost data may not include opportunity cost 3. Allocating cost to a particular product may be difficult when there is more than one product line 81 Chapter 7 169。2023 Pearson Education, Inc. Estimating and Predicting Cost ?A linear cost function might be: ?The linear cost function is applicable only if marginal cost is constant ? Marginal cost is represented by ? Q?? VC77 Chapter 7 169。2023 Pearson Education, Inc. The Learning Curve in Practice ?Other Empirical Findings ? In the semiconductor industry, a study of seven generations of DRAM semiconductors from 19741992 found learning rates averaged 20% ? In the aircraft industry, the learning rates are as high as 40% 73 Chapter 7 169。2023 Pearson Education, Inc. Predicting Labor Requirements of Producing a Given Output 69 Chapter 7 169。2023 Pearson Education, Inc. Dynamic Changes in Costs – The Learning Curve ?If ? 0 and N increases, ? L approaches A, and A represents minimum labor input/unit of output after all learning has taken place ?The larger ?, ? The more important the learning effect 65 Chapter 7 169。2023 Pearson Education, Inc. The Learning Curve Cumulative number of machine lots produced Hours of labor per machine lot 10 20 30 40 50 0 2 4 6 8 10 61 Chapter 7 169。2023 Pearson Education, Inc. Dynamic Changes in Costs – The Learning Curve ?Firms may lower their costs not