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ofitable to enter an industry 2. To determine when profits will occur based on plant size and cumulative output 74 Chapter 7 169。2023 Pearson Education, Inc. Estimating and Predicting Cost ?Estimates of future costs can be obtained from a cost function, which relates the cost of production to the level of output and other variables that the firm can control ?Suppose we wanted to derive the total cost curve for automobile production 75 Chapter 7 169。2023 Pearson Education, Inc. Total Cost Curve for the Automobile Industry Quantity of Cars Variable cost General Motors Toyota Ford Chrysler Volvo Honda Nissan 76 Chapter 7 169。2023 Pearson Education, Inc. Estimating and Predicting Cost ?A linear cost function might be: ?The linear cost function is applicable only if marginal cost is constant ? Marginal cost is represented by ? Q?? VC77 Chapter 7 169。2023 Pearson Education, Inc. Estimating and Predicting Cost ?If we wish to allow for a Ushaped average cost curve and a marginal cost that is not constant, we might use a quadratic cost function: 2 VC ????78 Chapter 7 169。2023 Pearson Education, Inc. Estimating and Predicting Cost ?If the marginal cost curve is also not linear, we might use a cubic cost function: 32 VC Q ??? ???79 Chapter 7 169。2023 Pearson Education, Inc. Cubic Cost Function Output (per time period) Cost ($ per unit) 2δQγQβAVC ??? 232 δQγQβMC ???80 Chapter 7 169。2023 Pearson Education, Inc. Estimating and Predicting Cost ? Difficulties in Measuring Cost 1. Output data may represent an aggregate of different types of products 2. Cost data may not include opportunity cost 3. Allocating cost to a particular product may be difficult when there is more than one product line 81 Chapter 7 169。2023 Pearson Education, Inc. Cost Functions Measurement of Scale Economies ?Scale Economy Index (SCI) ? EC = 1, SCI = 0: no economies or diseconomies of scale ? EC 1, SCI is negative: diseconomies of scale ? EC 1, SCI is positive: economies of scale 82 Chapter 7 169。2023 Pearson Education, Inc. Scale Economies in Electric Power Industry 83 Chapter 7 169。2023 Pearson Education, Inc. Average Cost of Production in the Electric Power Industry 84 Chapter 7 169。2023 Pearson Education, Inc. Cost Functions for Electric Power ?Findings ?Decline in cost ? Not due to economies of scale ? Was caused by: ? Lower input cost (coal and oil) ? Improvements in technology 85 Chapter 7 169。2023 Pearson Education, Inc. ? 靜夜四無鄰,荒居舊業(yè)貧。 , February 27, 2023 ? 雨中黃葉樹,燈下白頭人。 03:44:1103:44:1103:442/27/2023 3:44:11 AM ? 1以我獨(dú)沈久,愧君相見頻。 :44:1103:44Feb2327Feb23 ? 1故人江海別,幾度隔山川。 03:44:1103:44:1103:44Monday, February 27, 2023 ? 1乍見翻疑夢,相悲各問年。 :44:1103:44:11February 27, 2023 ? 1他鄉(xiāng)生白發(fā),舊國見青山。 2023年 2月 27日星期一 上午 3時 44分 11秒 03:44: ? 1比不了得就不比,得不到的就不要。 。 2023年 2月 上午 3時 44分 :44February 27, 2023 ? 1行動出成果,工作出財富。 2023年 2月 27日星期一 3時 44分 11秒 03:44:1127 February 2023 ? 1做前,能夠環(huán)視四周;做時,你只能或者最好沿著以腳為起點(diǎn)的射線向前。 上午 3時 44分 11秒 上午 3時 44分 03:44: ? 沒有失敗,只有暫時停止成功!。 , February 27, 2023 ? 很多事情努力了未必有結(jié)果,但是不努力卻什么改變也沒有。 03:44:1103:44:1103:442/27/2023 3:44:11 AM ? 1成功就是日復(fù)一日那一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)小小努力的積累。 :44:1103:44Feb2327Feb23 ? 1世間成事,不求其絕對圓滿,留一份不足,可得無限完美。 03:44:1103:44:1103:44Monday, February 27, 2023 ? 1不知香積寺,數(shù)里入云峰。 :44:1103:44:11February 27, 2023 ? 1意志堅強(qiáng)的人能把世界放在手中像泥塊一樣任意揉捏。 2023年 2月 27日星期一 上午 3時 44分 11秒 03:44: ? 1楚塞三湘接,荊門九派通。 。 2023年 2月 上午 3時 44分 :44February 27, 2023 ? 1少年十五二十時,步行奪得胡馬騎。 2023年 2月 27日星期一 3時 44分 11秒 03:44:1127 February 2023 ? 1空山新雨后,天氣晚來秋。 上午 3時 44分 11秒 上午 3時 44分 03:44: ? 楊柳散和風(fēng),青山澹吾慮。 , February 27, 2023 ? 閱讀一切好書如同和過去最杰出的人談話。 03:44:1103:44:1103:442/27/2023 3:44:11 AM ? 1越是沒有本領(lǐng)的就越加自命不凡。 :44:1103:44Feb2327Feb23 ? 1越是無能的人,越喜歡挑剔別人的錯兒。 03:44:1103:44:1103:44Monday, February 27, 2023 ? 1知人者智,自知者明。勝人者有力,自勝者強(qiáng)。 :44:1103:44:11February 27, 2023 ? 1意志堅強(qiáng)的人能把世界放在手中像泥塊一樣任意揉捏。 2023年 2月 27日星期一 上午 3時 44分 11秒 03:44: ? 1最具挑戰(zhàn)性的挑戰(zhàn)莫過于提升自我。 2023年 2月 上午 3時 44分 :44February 27, 2023 ? 1業(yè)余生活要有意義,不要越軌。 2023年 2月 27日星期一 3時 44分 11秒 03:44:1127 February 2023 ? 1一個人即使已登上頂峰,也仍要自強(qiáng)不息。 上午 3時 44分 11秒 上午 3時 44分 03:44: MOMODA POWERPOINT Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Fusce id urna blandit, eleifend nulla ac, fringilla purus. Nulla iaculis tempor felis ut cursus. 感謝您的下載觀看 專家告訴