【正文】 s. In morphology, morpheme is a basic concept. The major purpose of study in morphology is to look at morphemes and their arrangements in word formation. 2. Semantics is often defined as the study of meaning. It tries to explain and describe meaning in natural languages. Etymology and Lexicography ? Etymology (語(yǔ)源 ,字源學(xué) ) is the study of the whole history of words. ? Lexicography (詞典編纂 ,詞典學(xué) ) is the process or work of writing or piling a dictionary. What Is a Word 1. A sound or a bination of sounds, or its representation in writing or printing, that symbolizes and municates a meaning and may consist of a single morpheme or of a bination of morphemes. 2. Something said。 kinesics. 4. The special vocabulary and usages of a scientific, professional, or other group: “ his total mastery of screen language— camera placement, editing— and his handling of actors” (Jack Kroll). 5. A characteristic style of speech or writing: Shakespearean language. 6. a. Abusive, violent, or profane utterance: “ language that would make your hair curl” (. Gilbert). b. A particular manner of utterance: gentle language. 7. The manner or means of munication between living creatures other than human beings: the language of dolphins. 8. Verbal munication as a subject of study. 9. The wording of a legal document or statute as distinct from the spirit. ? Language is a system underlying the speech of a munity. Saussure ? Language is a system in the mind of an individual. ? It is the set of sentences characterized or to be characterized by a generative grammar. Chomsky ? Language is a set of sentences potentially observable in a speech munity. Bloomfield Language is a system of symbols based on physiology, psychology and physics. It is a special social action and a carrier of information used for human munication in a society. [趙世開：《論語(yǔ)言和語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)》 1980] Functions of Language 1. Social function 2. Psychological function 1. Social function Language is used as a means of munication in a society. It grows and develops with the growth and development of a society. No society, no language. Take the means of transportation for example: buggy – 1. A small, light, onehorse carriage usually having four wheels in the United States and two wheels in Great Britain. 2. A baby carriage. gig – A light, twowheeled carriage drawn by one horse. troika – A Russian carriage drawn by a team of three horses abreast. coach – . A motorbus. b. A railroad passenger car. c. A closed automobile, usually with two doors. d. A large, closed, fourwheeled carriage with an elevated exterior seat for the driver。 a stagecoach. coup233。 an utterance, a remark, or a ment: May I say a word about that? 3. words Discourse or talk。 an order: gave the word to retreat. b. A verbal signal。 3. With stylistics。s day,” the name of a pagan Roman holiday. In the early days of Christianity, Sunday began to replace the Sabbath. Roman emperor Constantine the Great designated Sunday as a day of rest. Monday, second day of the week, derived from the AngloSaxon monandaeg, which means “ the moon39。f?l?d?i] n. 形態(tài)學(xué) Linguistics. The study of the structure and form of words in language or a language, including inflection, derivation, and the formation of pounds. dog dogs。句子是根據(jù)一種特定的排列詞的方式構(gòu)成的。也可以指對(duì)邏輯形式系統(tǒng)中符號(hào)解釋的研究。 pragmatics (語(yǔ)用學(xué) ) The study of language as it is used in a social context and affects the interlocutors and their behavior. 語(yǔ)用學(xué)是語(yǔ)言學(xué)各分支中一個(gè)以語(yǔ)言意義為研究對(duì)象的新興學(xué)科領(lǐng)域，兩個(gè)概念 :1. 是意義， 2. 語(yǔ)境。語(yǔ)料庫(kù)是載有語(yǔ)言信息的大量語(yǔ)言資料的集合。根據(jù)這些語(yǔ)體特征、語(yǔ)體方面去分析研究文學(xué)作品稱為語(yǔ)體學(xué)方法。 ④采用直接成分分析法。利用這門學(xué) 科一方面可以研究相關(guān)語(yǔ)言之間結(jié)構(gòu)上的親緣關(guān)系，找出它們的共同母語(yǔ)，或者明白各種語(yǔ)言自身的特點(diǎn)對(duì)語(yǔ) Applied linguistics (應(yīng)用語(yǔ)言學(xué) ) ? Strictly any application of linguistics. But often in practice of a discipline which applies the findings of linguistics, among others, in education: . or especially to teaching English as a foreign or second language. ? 應(yīng)用語(yǔ)言學(xué) applied linguistics研究語(yǔ)言在各個(gè)領(lǐng)域中實(shí)際應(yīng)用的語(yǔ)言學(xué)分支。 4. For each .of the following sets of words, indicate what the principle is that groups them into a set. Is the principle one of a mon meaning, related forms of a word or something else. (1) oak, willow, pine, polar, gingko, mahogany (2) (2) fly, flying, flew, flies, flown (3) mobile phone, dial, busy, answer, ring, answer (4) gaze, peer, look, see, watch, squint 5. Find out the meanings of the following pound nouns in (a) and the corresponding adjective plus noun constructions in (b). Then mark the primary stress in each noun and phrase. (a) Compound: blackboard, blackbird, greyhound, White House (b) (b) Noun Phrases: black board, black bird, grey hound, white house 6. Count the number of words in the following sentences. Then, make a separate count of (a) open class words and (b) closed class words. Girard emphasized that it is an important part of the teacher39。 03:29:0103:29:0103:292/13/2023 3:29:01 AM ? 1以我獨(dú)沈久，愧君相見頻。 2023年 2月 13日星期一 上午 3時(shí) 29分 1秒 03:29: ? 1比不了得就不比，得不到的就不要。 上午 3時(shí) 29分 1秒 上午 3時(shí) 29分 03:29: ? 沒(méi)有失敗，只有暫時(shí)停止成功！。 03:29:0103:29:0103:29Monday, February 13, 2023 ? 1不知香積寺，數(shù)里入云峰。 2023年 2月 上午 3時(shí) 29分 :29February 13, 2023 ? 1少年十五二十時(shí)，步行奪得胡馬騎。 03:29:0103:29:0103:292/13/2023 3:29:01 AM ? 1越是沒(méi)有本領(lǐng)的就越加自命不凡。 :29:0103:29:01February 13, 2023 ? 1意志堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的人能把世界