【正文】 sing, information systems, technical, and 門結構在大公司和小公司里都很普遍。 2. Managers develop functional expertise but do not acquire knowledge of the other areas of the business。 As anization grow and bee increasingly diversified, they find that functional departments have difficulty managing a wide variety of products, customers, and geographic regions. In this case, anizations may restructure in order to group all functions into a single division, and duplicate each of the functions across all of the divisions. Division A has its own operations and marketing department, Division B has its own operations and marketing department, and so on. In this regard, separate divisions may act almost as separate businesses or profit centers and work autonomously to acplish the goals of the entire enterprise. 當組織增長并變得日益多樣化時，職能型組織已不足以應付多種多樣的產(chǎn)品、顧客和地理區(qū)域。 product divisions產(chǎn)品型事業(yè)部 In the product anization, all functions that contribute to a given product are anized under one 織中，所有為特定產(chǎn)品服務的職能都被組織在一個管理者之下。 customer and geographical divisions顧客和地域型事業(yè)部 Some panies build divisions around groups of customers or around geographical distinctions. A hospital may anize its services around child, adult, psychiatric, and emergency cases. 一些公司依靠顧客或地理區(qū)域建立事業(yè)部。 2. Product or division managers and functional managers must learn to collaborate and manage their conflicts constructively事業(yè)部型管理者和職能管理者必須學會合作和建設性的處理他們之間的沖突 3. The twoboss managers or employees must learn how to be responsible to two superiors. This means prioritizing multiple demands and sometimes even reconciling conflicting 必須學會怎樣對兩個上級負責。 1. Coordination by standardization通過標準化協(xié)調(diào) Standardization Establishing mon rules and procedures that apply uniformly to everyone. 標準化：建立對每個人同樣適應的普遍的規(guī)則和程序。 2. Coordination by plan通過計劃協(xié)調(diào) 3 Coordination by mutual adjustment通過相互調(diào)整協(xié)調(diào) . 靜夜四無鄰，荒居舊業(yè)貧。 08:58:2023:58:2023:58Wednesday, February 8, 2023 1乍見翻疑夢，相悲各問年。 2023年 2月 8日星期三 8時 58分 20秒 08:58:208 February 2023 1做前，能夠環(huán)視四周；做時，你只能或者最好沿著以腳為起點的射線向前。 :58:2023:58Feb238Feb23 1世間成事，不求其絕對圓滿，留一份不足，可得無限完美。 2023年 2月 上午 8時 58分 :58February 8, 2023 1少年十五二十時，步行奪得胡馬騎。 08:58:2023:58:2023:582/8/2023 8:58:20 AM 1越是沒有本領的就越加自命不凡。 :58:2023:58:20February 8, 2023 1意志堅強的人能把世界放在手中像泥塊一樣任意揉捏。 上午 8時 58分 20秒 上午 8時 58分 08:58: MOMODA POWERPOINT Lorem ipsum dolor sit, eleifend nulla ac, fringilla purus. Nulla iaculis tempor felis amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Fusce id urna blanditut cursus. 感謝您的下載觀看 專家告訴 。 2023年 2月 上午 8時 58分 :58February 8, 2023 1業(yè)余生活要有意義，不要越軌。 08:58:2023:58:2023:58Wednesday, February 8, 2023 1知人者智，自知者明。 上午 8時 58分 20秒 上午 8時 58分 08:58: 楊柳散和風，青山澹吾慮。 :58:2023:58:20February 8, 2023 1意志堅強的人能把世界放在手中像泥塊一樣任意揉捏。 , February 8, 2023 很多事情努力了未必有結果，但是不努力卻什么改變也沒有。 2023年 2月 8日星期三 上午 8時 58分 20秒 08:58: 1比不了得就不比，得不到的就不要。 08:58:2023:58:2023:582/8/2023 8:58:20 AM 1以我獨沈久，愧君相見頻。 Standardization constrains actions and integrates various units by regulating what people do. People often know how to act– and know how to interact– because there are standard operating procedures that spell out what they should 限制行為并通過規(guī)定員工該做什么來整合不同的單位。 第四節(jié)： Organizational integration組織一體化 There are a variety of approaches available to managers to help them make certain that interdependent units and individuals will work together to achieve a mon purpose. Coordination methods include standardization, plans, and mutual 確保獨立的單位和個人將一起工作來實現(xiàn)共同的目標。 3 The matrix anization 矩陣型組織 Matrix anization An anization posed of dual reporting relationships in which some managers report to two superiors—a functional man