【正文】 trategy for persistence High titer replication Latent infection Smoldering infection HBV HIV HSV, HPV Noncytocidal cytocidal silent immune variable active tolerance immune response immune response Host immune responses to viral infection Part II ?抗病毒免疫 （ Antiviral immunity） ?病毒誘導的免疫病理 （ Virusinduced immunopathology） ?病毒誘導的免疫抑制（ Virusinduced immunosuppression） Antiviral immunity ?Innate immunity (nonspecific) The 2‘5‘oligo A synthetase The protein kinase Antiviral immunity ?Innate immunity (nonspecific) ?Acquired immunity (specific ) ?Humoral immunity (antibody) ?Cellular immunity (cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells ) ? Schematic representation of the effectiveness of the ponents of the antiviral immune response against different forms of HIV1. Neutralizing antibodies are efficient in blocking virus particles but poorly effective against cellassociated virus, such as virusinfected cells. Some CTLs are effective against virusinfected cells but not against free virus particles. Neither antibodies nor CTLs are effective against latently infected cells. Nat Med 2022, 10(8):806810 Host immune responses to viral infection ?抗病毒免疫 （ Antiviral immunity） ?病毒誘導的免疫病理 （ Virusinduced immunopathology） ?病毒誘導的免疫抑制（ Virusinduced immunosuppression） 病毒誘導的免疫損傷 ? A selected list of immunemediated viral disease of animals and human. Viral pathogenesis and immunity. Second Edition. 2022. What is the evidence that a virus disease is immunemediated? ?Clinical data ?Pathological examination ?Experimental animal Virusinduced immunopathology Immune response Virus replication noncytopathic virus Immune mechanism of virusinduced disease ?Cellmediated immunopathology ?Antibodymediated immunopathology ?病毒誘導的自身免疫病 （ Virusinitiated autoimmunity） Virusinitiated autoimmunity B和 T細胞能夠特異性識別病毒編碼的蛋白質(zhì)多肽； 性； T淋巴細胞也能識別宿主細胞的同源蛋白； 。 Apaf1, apoptosis proteaseactivating factor. Annu Rev Microbiol 2022, 62: 171–192. Control of Mitochondrial Membrane Permeabilization (MMP) by Viral Proteins. A number of viral polypeptides modulate apoptosis, either by favoring or inhibiting MMP. This control can be exerted directly at mitochondria, or on upstream/downstream steps of the apoptotic cascade. PLoS Pathog 2022, 4(5):e1000018. Some viruses produce proteins that both induce apoptosis and block apoptosis. Virusinduced cytopathology ?Virusinduced cell death: apoptosis and necrosis ?病毒的致畸作用 （ Viral oncogenesis） Molecular determinants in the conversion from normal to the malignant cellular phenotype. Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. The hallmarks of cancer. Cell 2022, 100:5770. Viral oncogenesis ?腫瘤病毒 : 是指在體外可以引起培養(yǎng)的細胞轉(zhuǎn)化，在體內(nèi)可以誘導腫瘤形成的病毒。 FADD, Fasassociated death domain。 Poliovirus genome (+ssRNA), including an IRES. 1988 Viral proteases ? Modi?cations of eIF4GI during viral infections. Biology of the Cell 2022, 95:141–156 Cellular proteome Viral proteome 蛋白質(zhì)組學分析 Analysis of virion/cell position by mass spectrometry. Typical approaches for analyzing virion or cell protein position