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初中英語語法講解(文件)

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【正文】 名詞性物主代詞反身代詞第一人稱單數(shù)I me my mine myself復數(shù) we us our ours ourselves第二人稱單數(shù) you you your yours yourself復數(shù) you you your yours yourselves第三人稱單數(shù) he him his his himselfshe her her hers herselfit it its its itself復數(shù) they them their theirs themselves1.人稱代詞 人稱代詞it的特殊用法:一般it指“它”,但在表示天氣、時間、距離等時,用it來代替,此時的it并不譯為“它”。 名詞性物主代詞可作主語、表語、賓語。試比較:“Help yourselves to some fish,Tom and Mike.”與I can’t leave the girl by herself.指示代詞 指示代詞的特殊用法:(1)為了避免重復,可用that,those代替前面提到過的名詞,但是this,these不可以。C. one的前面可用this,that,the,which等詞來修飾。some一般用于肯定句,any一般用于否定句,疑問句和條件句中。E.some用于單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前,表示“某個”而不是“一些”。B.the other表示兩個中的另一個,常與one連用。(5) each和every的用法A. each用來指兩個或兩個以上的人或物中的一個。在句中只能作定語,也就是說它后面必須跟著名詞。neither:指兩者都不,全否定。 (7)many和muchmany只能和復數(shù)可數(shù)名詞連用?!竟谠~】(不是指元音字母)的詞前,其余用不定冠詞a.2.定冠詞的基本用法。B. 用在序數(shù)詞、形容詞的最高級及only所修飾的名詞前。F.用在樂器名稱前。B. 表示一類人或事物的復數(shù)名詞前。(sit) at table就餐。3.分數(shù)分子在前,分母在后,分子用基數(shù)詞,分母用序數(shù)詞,當分子大于1小時,分母序數(shù)詞要變成復數(shù)。(2)當形容詞帶有表示度量的詞或詞組作定語或表語時,定語或表語要后置。not as+形容詞原級+as B及A...not so +形容詞原級+as B兩種結(jié)構(gòu)。(2)比較級前還可以用much,even,still,a little來修飾。(5)“比較級+and+比較級”表示“越來越……”。如:He is the tallest“all the boys”.China is the greatest in the world.副詞1.副詞比較級的構(gòu)成(1) 單音節(jié)副詞和個別雙音節(jié)副詞通過加er,est來構(gòu)成比較級和最高級。2.常見副詞用法(1) too, eitherToo 一般用于肯定句,常放在句末,否定句時用either。如:I have heard the man before。 On用來表示“在……天”,如:On Monday,On May lst,On Children’s Day。如:on Monday morning,on the morning of Children’ s Day。3.表示“一段時間”的for與since的用法區(qū)別 for后面接時間段,since之后接時間點。above還可表示溫度、水位等“高于”,over還可表示“越過……”。s B. minutes’ C. minutes D. minute(2)It is about ______ from the school to my home.A. ten minutes walk B. ten minutes’ walkC. ten minutes’ s walk D. ten minute’s walk分析 上述兩題考查名詞所有格的構(gòu)成及用法。因而(1)、(2)小題答案均為B。時間狀語: every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。 Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中國東部。 例:Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥倫布證實了地球是圓的。 Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英語寫得不錯,講的可不行。第二句中的now是進行時的標志,表示正在進行的動作的客觀狀況,所以后句用一般現(xiàn)在時。例如: When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是個孩子的時候,常在馬路上踢足球。 It is time that sb. did sth. 時間已遲了 早該……了 ,例如It is time you went to bed. 你早該睡覺了。d rather you came 。) Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含義:她現(xiàn)在還活著) Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含義:達比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。 2)情態(tài)動詞 could, would。 be used to + doing: 對……已感到習慣,或習慣于,to是介詞,后需加名詞或動名詞。t B. couldn39。 返回動詞的時態(tài)目錄 一般將來時 1) shall用于第一人稱,常被will 所代替。例如:What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢? b. 計劃,安排要發(fā)生的事。例如:Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那烏云,快要下雨了。例如: He is about to leave for Beijing. 他馬上要去北京。d better get ready for it as soon as possible. Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror. 返回動詞的時態(tài)目錄 be to和be going to be to 表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事,be going to 表示主觀的打算或計劃。(主觀安排) 返回動詞的時態(tài)目錄 一般現(xiàn)在時表將來 1)下列動詞e, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現(xiàn)在時可以表示將來,主要用來表示在時間上已確定或安排好的事情。例如: Here es the bus. = The bus is ing. 車來了。 I39。 Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 離開房間前,務必把窗戶關了。 Are you staying here till next week? 你會在這兒呆到下周嗎? 返回動詞的時態(tài)目錄 現(xiàn)在完成時 現(xiàn)在完成時用來表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動作或狀態(tài),其結(jié)果的影響現(xiàn)在還存在;也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)。 一般過去時的時間狀語:yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now等,皆為具體的時間狀語。 一般過去時常用的非持續(xù)性動詞有e, go, leave, start, die, finish, bee, get married等。例如: It is the first time that I have visited the city. 這是我第一次訪問這城市。例如: This is the best film that I39。s the first time I ___ here. A. even, e B. even, have e C. ever, e D. ever, have e 答案D. ever意為曾經(jīng)或無論何時,反意詞為never,此兩詞常用于完成時。t received his letter for almost a month. 返回動詞的時態(tài)目錄 比較since和for Since 用來說明動作起始時間,for用來說明動作延續(xù)時間長度。 I worked here for more than twenty years. (我現(xiàn)在已不在這里工作。例如: I have been here since 1989. 1989起,我一直在這兒。例如: Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后,變化可大了。 返回動詞的時態(tài)目錄 延續(xù)動詞與瞬間動詞 1) 用于完成時的區(qū)別 延續(xù)動詞表示經(jīng)驗、經(jīng)歷; 瞬間動詞表示行為的結(jié)果,不能與表示段的時間狀語連用。(表經(jīng)歷) 2) 用于till / until從句的差異 延續(xù)動詞用于肯定句,表示做……直到…… 瞬間動詞用于否定句,表示到……,才……。 He slept until ten o39。再次,several times告知為反復發(fā)生的動作,因此用現(xiàn)在完成時。 那時以前 那時 現(xiàn)在 2) 用法 a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞后的賓語從句。 c. 表示意向的動詞,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用過去完成時表示原本…,未能…。例如: He said that he had learned some English before. 他說過他以前學過一些英語。句中when表示的是時間的一點,表示在同學們正忙于……這一背景下,when所引導的動作發(fā)生。 had no sooner…than 剛…… 就……。 My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑媽給了我一頂帽子,我把它丟了。例如: They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那時他們結(jié)婚將有二十年了。例如: We are waiting for you. 我們正在等你。) c. 表示漸變,這樣的動詞有:get, grow, bee, t。例如: Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在寫另一部小說。例如: You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此時,你已經(jīng)到達上海了。例如: When I heard the news, I was very excited. 3) 敘述歷史事實,可不用過去完成時,而只用一般過去時。 返回動詞的時態(tài)目錄 用一般過去時代替過去完成時 1) 兩個動作如按順序發(fā)生,又不強調(diào)先后,或用then,and,but 等連詞時,多用一般過去時。 注意: had hardly… when 還沒等…… 就……。 Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 湯姆失望了,因為他到達晚會時,大部分客人已經(jīng)走了。t. 那時我們希望你能來,但是你沒有來。 b. 狀語從句 在過去不同時間發(fā)生的兩個動作中,發(fā)生在先,用過去完成時;發(fā)生在后,用一般過去時。m sorry to keep you waiting. Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes. A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be 答案A. 等待的動作由過去開始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,應用現(xiàn)在完成時。 典型例題 1. You don39。t e back until ten o39。 (表結(jié)果) I39。 4) It is +一段時間+ since從句。例如: I have been here since five months ago. 我在這兒,已經(jīng)有五個月了。) 注意:用句型轉(zhuǎn)換的方法,很容易排除非延續(xù)動詞在有for/since結(jié)構(gòu)的完成時中的誤用。 I have lived here since I was born. 我從出生起就住在這兒了。即動作不發(fā)生的狀態(tài)是可以持續(xù)的。 典型例題 (1) Do you know our town at all? No, this is the first time I ___ here. A. was B. have been C. came D. am ing 答案B. This is the first time 后面所加從句應為現(xiàn)在完成時,故選B。ve heard him sing. 這是我第一次聽他唱歌。t handed in his paper? (強調(diào)有卷子未交,疑為不公平競爭) He has been in the League for three years. (在團內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù)) He has b
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