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egistrar of the university (191025). He was active in the foundation of the Economics Tripos at Cambridge. ? Keynes’s most important contributions to economics were as a logician and methodologist. His two chief works are Studies and Exercises in Formal Logic (1884), which was popular for its clarity of expression and avoidance of mathematical symbolism, and his classic work on economic methodology, The Scope and Method of Political Economy (1891). This work categorised the various approaches to economics as inductive and deductive, with Keynes adopting a syncretistic position. At a time when the Germanspeaking world was engaged in the Methodenstreit (battle of methods) between the Austrian economic school led by Carl Menger, which advocated a deductive approach and stressed the importance of pure theory, and the followers of German economist Gustav Schmoller, who insisted on the importance of inductive studies, Keynes, by contrast, insisted that both induction and deduction were required. He felt that inductive reasoning provided the general premises upon which deduction had to be based and that deduction resulted in generalisations or laws which then had to be tested by inductive procedures. 。 but he also passionately believed that economics should contribute to human wellbeing and that economics students should know as much about the economic and social facts of the real world as the theoretical approaches through which they could be anized and understood. Many of the tools we use today originated with Marshall partial equilibrium analysis, supply and demand curves, the concepts of elasticity, consumers39。費(fèi)雪認(rèn)為可以保持總體物價(jià)水平的穩(wěn)定,而價(jià)格水平的穩(wěn)定會(huì)使得整