【正文】 1）收入高，持有、支出貨幣多。 貨幣銀行學 第七章 3 二、名義與實際貨幣需求 ? 名義貨幣需求：不考慮價格變動時的貨幣需要量。 ? 實際貨幣需求：排除通貨膨脹因素影響以后的貨幣需要量。 ? （ 2）取得收入間隔時間長，會持有 — 定貨幣以備日常使用。 ＭＶ＝ PT ?Ｍ表示貨幣總量 ?Ｖ表示貨幣速度 ?Ｐ表示價格水平 ?Ｔ表示產出 ?貨幣速度：貨幣周轉率，即一元貨幣每年用來購買最終產品和勞務的平均次數． 貨幣銀行學 第七章 10 ＭＶ＝ PT分析 ?PT＝名義收入＝貨幣收入， ?決定于貨幣數量Ｍ的變動 Ｍ增加，Ｐ一定上升． 故：價格水平變動僅源于貨幣數量變動。 ?利率的不確定性將造成債券價格升降，人們便在持有債券和持幣之間選擇。因為只有當收入和支出的差額（凈支出）超過持有的預防性現金余額時，才需要將非貨幣性資產轉化為貨幣，而這種可能性出現的概率分布受每次收入和支出數額、次數變化的影響，所以，收入和支出狀況會引起預防性貨幣需求的變化。長期內，產出完全是由非貨幣因素決定，貨幣供應只決定物價水平。 surplus, the device of splitting time into market, short and long periods all of these and much else e to us from Marshall, mainly through his famous Principles. The book was first published in 1890 and it went through eight editions in his lifetime. ? His insights into theory and his sound philosophy bined still have much to mend themselves to us, his pupils at Cambridge. 貨幣銀行學 第七章 30 Keynes, John Neville (18521949) ? Keynes was educated at the universities of London and Cambridge. After graduating from Cambridge (1875), he was a lecturer in moral science there (18841911) and then served as registrar of the university (191025). He was active in the foundation of the Economics Tripos at Cambridge. ? Keynes’s most important contributions to economics were as a logician and methodologist. His two chief works are Studies and Exercises in Formal Logic (1884), which was popular for its clarity of expression and avoidance of mathematical symbolism, and his classic work on economic methodology, The Scope and Method of Political Economy (1891). This work categorised the various approaches to economics as inductive and deduc