【正文】 cf. EG: 1981 Sadat Mubarak Iran: 1979 Shah Khomeini US: 1981 Reagan 90s: Bush, ?New World Order“ SU: 1985 Gorbachev 1991 collapse H. Barakat Formative Period || nationbuilding | postWW II transition [..........???.........] 24 7 stages of – also literary – history = 7 attitudes vis224。 later: ?West/East“ ( colonialism) ? new elite: the European as chief authority, ”Best228。vis ”the West” (1) Reform period (19th c.) (cont.) ? literature at the service of reform: ? edition of classical texts, lexica, dictionaries, revival of old genres = make heritage accessible amp。vis ”the West” (12) pre–WW I ? classicism, neomaqāmah . Mu?. amp。fter: ? Husayn – McMahon korrespondansen 19151916 ? SykesPicot avtalen 1916 ? Balfourerkl230。rlig verdens muslimer) Egypt, Algerie 31 7 stages – 7 attitudes vis224。rk, Reza Shah, ... ? alAyyām I (1929) = The Days / Egyptian Childhood ? autobiography as “story of success” ? Entwicklungsroman (novel of formation of the individual Self vs. society): inner maturation (= nationbuilding process) ? Egypt as part of the Mediterranean, belonging more to Europe than to the East 7 stages – 7 attitudes vis224。 heavy social criticism Tawfīq al?akīm (18981987) 35 7 stages – 7 attitudes vis224。l) ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ Forced development after European model. Aim: creation of a ?modern‘ nationstate No democratic rights。 ancien r233。vis ”the West” (5) Beginning doubts (late 1950s / early 1960s) Omslag mot slutten av 1950 / beg. av 1960tallet ? Nagīb Ma?fū?: The Children of Gebelawi (Awlād ?āratinā, 1959) ? Nagīb Ma?fū?: The Thief and the Dogs (alLi?? wa’lkilāb, 1962) ? Ghassān Kanafānī: Menn under sola / Men in the Sun (Rijāl fī ’lshams, 1963) ? ?un‘a(chǎn)llāh Ibrāhīm: The Smell of It (Tilka ’lrā’i?a ,1965/66) ? al?ayyib ?āli?: Trekket mot Nord / Season of Migration to the North (Mawsim alhijra ilā ’lshamāl, 1966)being conscious of colonial burden, own responsibility ? ‘Abdal?akīm Qāsim: The Seven Days of Man (Ayyām alinsān alsab‘a(chǎn), 1969) 43 Arabic literature and the West Coming to terms with independence ? ?????????? al?ayyib ?āli?, 19292020 (Tayeb Salih) ?????????????????????? Mawsim alhijra ilā ’lshamāl (1966*/1969) *first publication in ?iwār Season of Migration to the North, London: Heinemann etc., 1969 (og senere) Trekket mot Nord, Oslo: Gyldendal, 2020 Le migrateur, Paris 1972 the most important Arabic novel of the 20th century Arab Literary Academy in Damascus, 2020 44 7 stages – 7 attitudes vis224。lah, ...) 7 stages – 7 attitudes vis224。 ?anān alShaykh, Only in London 。vis ”the West” (7) Postmodern (1980s ff.) (cont.) 。 Kader Abdollah) ? East as “mirror” of the West, and vice versa – each is part of the other’s identity ? play with stereotypes and “great narratives” (grands r233。vis ”the West” (7) Postmodern (1980s ff.) (cont.) 48 7 stages – 7 attitudes vis224。vis ”the West” (6) Post1967 (shock of June War) (cont.) 46 ? shocking, scandalprovoking: [cf. HB: ?exposure“, ?revolutionary“] ? ?un‘a(chǎn)llāh Ibrāhīm (*1937): “The Smell of It” (Tilka ’lrā’i?a,1965/66) ? Mu?ammed Shukrī (Mohamed Choukri, *1935): For Bread Alone (alKhubz al?āfī, 1972/73 resp. 1982) ? Gamāl alGhī?ānī (*1945): Zayni Barakat (alZaynī Barakāt, 1974) ? search for authentically “Arabic” = nonWesternizing way of writing ? experimenting with precolonial genres (maq226。vis ”the West” (4) Independence (1950s) (cont.) Social criticism, critical / socialist Realism Arabic ?key“ narratives (mentioned also by H. Barakat) ? Yūsuf Idrīs (19271991) al?arām (The Sin, 1959) ? ?Abd alRa?mān alSharqāwī (19201987) alAr? (The Land/Soil, 1953) ? Laylā Ba?albakkī (*1936) Anā a?yā (I live, 1958) ? Nagīb Ma?fū? (19112020): the “Cairo novels” ??? 40 194050s: Social criticism, critical realism Nagīb Ma?fū? (b. 1911): The Cairo novels ? Khān alKhalīlī (Khan alKhalili, 1945) ? alQāhira aljadīda (The New Cairo, 1946?) ? Zuqāq alMidaqq (Midaq Alley, 1947) ? Trilogy 1. Bayn alQa?rayn (Between the Two Palaces, 1956) 2. Qa?r alshawq (Palace of Longing, 1957) 3. alSukkariyya (Sugar Lane, 1957) history of urban middle class family over three generations critical assessment of achievements and setbacks during the past half century (colonial, nationalist, independent Egypt) 41 7 stages – 7 attitudes vis224。 problems arising from industrialization (factory workers, urban proletariate) ? increased “Westernization” 38 7 stages – 7 attitudes vis224。Revolution39。vis ”the West” () Doubts and desillusionment ? Tawfīq al?akīm: Return of the Spirit (?Awdat arrū?, 1927, publ. 1933) superiority of collective Egyptian suffering