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nduring excitement to the American art scene. Science and technology is quite a broad category, and it covers everything from studying the stars and the plas to studying molecules and viruses. Beginning with the Greeks and Hipparchus, continuing through Ptolemy, Copernicus and Galileo, and today with our work on the International Space Station, man continues to learn more and more about the heavens. From here, we look inward to biochemistry and biology. To truly understand biochemistry, scientists study and see the unseen by studying the chemistry of biological processes. This science, along with biophysics, aims to bring a better understanding of how bodies work – from how we turn food into energy to how nerve impulses transmit. Chemistry is a science that explains how salt, something on every table in the world, can be made from sodium and chlorine, two elements that are poisonous to humans. From its beginnings, when Aristotle defined the existence of the atom, to modern chemistry, which bines atomic theory and anic chemistry, this field continues to advance our lives. In technology, you’ll find many of the things that make life easier today. This includes medical advances like MRI machines, fuelefficient transportation, portable puting devices, and flat screen televisions. Advances in the field of technology continue to amaze and astound. Modern puting technology is able to municate wirelessly to the Inter and to other devices – advances that have freed puters from desks and made technology and information available to more and more people. Enrico Caruso’s ascendancy coincided with the dawn of the twentieth century, when the world of opera was moving away from 。 the harnessing of accidents that occurred during the process of painting。s first oneman show in 1948 established him as a highly influential artist. His intensely plicated abstract paintings of the 1940s were followed by images of Woman, grotesque versions of buxom womanhood, which were virtually unparalleled in the sustained savagery of their execution. Painters such as Philip Guston and Franz Kline turned to the abstract late in the 1940s and soon developed strikingly original styles— the former, lyrical and evocative, the latter, forceful and boldly dramatic. Other important artists involved with the movement included Hans Hofmann, Robert Motherwell, and Mark Rothko。s disease. abstract expressionism, movement of abstract painting that emerged in New York City during the mid1940s and attained singular prominence in American art in the following decade。 an enzyme (cholinesterase) breaks the transmitter down into choline and an acetate ion. The choline is then available for reuptake into the nerve terminal. These same principles apply to cholinergic transmission at sites other than neuromuscular junctions, although the structure of the synapses differs. In the autonomic nervous system these include nervetonerve synapses at the relay stations (ganglia) in both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions, and the endings of parasympathetic nerve fibres on nonvoluntary (smooth) muscle, the heart, and glandular cells。 這幀畫(huà)不僅以畫(huà)面上的山水、人物動(dòng)人,而且以畫(huà)外的詩(shī)人自我形象,令人回味不盡。這首小詩(shī)表現(xiàn)的就是這樣一種境界。 劉長(zhǎng)卿和靈澈相遇又離別于潤(rùn)州,大約在唐代宗大歷四、五年間 (769— 770)。 沉郁頓挫、“詩(shī)史”顯著: 題為《月夜》,字字都從月色中照出,而以“獨(dú)看”、“雙照”為一詩(shī)之眼。 對(duì)仗工整,意在言外: 第三聯(lián)對(duì)仗工整,通過(guò)妻子獨(dú)自看月的形象描寫(xiě),進(jìn)一步表現(xiàn)“憶長(zhǎng)安”。自己只身在外,當(dāng)然是獨(dú)自看月。如果從自己方面落墨,一入手應(yīng)該寫(xiě)“今夜長(zhǎng)安月,客中只獨(dú)看”。七月,肅宗即位于靈武 (今屬寧夏 )?!闭f(shuō)他的詩(shī)意余象外,給讀者留有馳騁想象和聯(lián)想的 余地;而且語(yǔ)言清新而簡(jiǎn)練。按說(shuō),這樣的嘉樹(shù)佳果是應(yīng)該薦之于嘉賓的,然而卻為重山深水所阻隔,為之奈何讀“奈何阻重深”一句,如聞慨 嘆之聲。 以物擬人: 丹橘經(jīng)冬猶綠,究竟是由于獨(dú)得地利呢 ?還是出乎本性 ?如果是地利使然,也就不值得贊頌。屈原生于南國(guó),橘樹(shù)也生于南國(guó),張九齡也是南方人,他的這首詩(shī)一開(kāi)頭就說(shuō):“江南有丹橘,經(jīng)冬猶綠林”。是唐代著名賢相之一,詩(shī)人。竹林寺在潤(rùn)州 (今江蘇鎮(zhèn)江 ),是靈澈此次游方歇宿的寺院。 (三)運(yùn)用詩(shī)歌的基本特征和鑒賞方法解讀劉長(zhǎng)卿的五絕《送靈澈》。 月 夜 杜甫 今夜鄜州月,閨中只獨(dú)看。 可以薦佳客,奈何阻重深。 這首詩(shī)歌中除巧用意象、象征外,排比、比喻、借代的藝術(shù)手法,值得我們學(xué)習(xí)。他說(shuō):“要做屈原和李白的傳人”,“我的血系中有一條黃河 的支流”。于是“小時(shí)候不知道將它疊起 /一任推開(kāi)那無(wú)窮無(wú)盡 /碩大是記憶母親,她的胸脯 /你便向那片肥沃匍? /用蒂用根索她的恩液 /苦心的悲慈苦苦哺出 /不幸呢還是大幸這嬰孩 /鐘整個(gè)大陸的愛(ài)在一只苦瓜 /皮革踩過(guò),馬蹄踩過(guò) /重噸戰(zhàn)車(chē)的履帶踩過(guò)。余光中文學(xué)生涯悠遠(yuǎn)、遼闊、深沉,為當(dāng)代詩(shī)壇健將、散文重鎮(zhèn)、著名批評(píng)家、優(yōu)秀翻譯家。先后任教臺(tái)灣東吳大學(xué)、師范 大學(xué)、臺(tái)灣大學(xué)、政治大學(xué)。祖籍福建永春。過(guò)去─工匠的精心巧藝。 白 玉 苦 瓜 余光中 似醒似睡,緩緩的柔光里 似悠悠自千年的大寐 一只瓜從從容容在成熟 一只苦瓜,不再是澀苦 日磨月磋琢出深孕的清瑩 看 莖須繚繞,葉掌撫抱 哪一年的豐收像一口要吸盡 古中國(guó)喂了又喂的乳漿 完美的圓膩啊酣然而飽 那觸覺(jué)、不斷向外膨脹 充滿(mǎn)每一粒酪白的葡萄 直到瓜尖,仍翹著當(dāng)日的新鮮 茫茫九州只縮成一張輿圖 小時(shí)候不知道將它疊起 一任推開(kāi)那無(wú)窮無(wú)盡 碩大是記憶母親,她的胸脯 你便向那片肥沃匍? 用蒂用根索她的恩液 苦心的悲慈苦苦哺出 不幸呢還是大幸這嬰孩 鐘整個(gè)大陸的愛(ài)在一只苦瓜 皮革踩過(guò),馬蹄踩過(guò) 重噸戰(zhàn)車(chē)的履帶踩過(guò) 一絲傷痕也不曾留下 只留下隔玻璃這奇跡難信 猶帶著后土依依的祝福 在時(shí)光以外奇異的光中 熟著,一個(gè)自足的宇宙 飽滿(mǎn)而不虞腐爛,一只仙果 不產(chǎn)在仙山,產(chǎn)在人間 久朽了,你的前身,唉,久朽 為你換胎的那手,那巧婉 千睇萬(wàn)睞將你引渡 笑對(duì)靈魂在白玉里流傳 一首歌,詠生命曾經(jīng)是瓜苦 被房屋引渡,成果而甘 《閱讀與寫(xiě)作( 1)》作業(yè)練習(xí): 現(xiàn)代詩(shī)歌思考與練習(xí)參考答案 ________________________________________ 《白玉苦瓜》是余光中先生于 1974創(chuàng)作的一首自由詩(shī),這首詩(shī)以其凝練含蓄、意象稠密、感情深沉,贏得人們喜愛(ài)。在此基礎(chǔ)上,我們還要聯(lián)系實(shí)際對(duì)著兩位言行舉止做更深的思考,我們?cè)趪?guó)家和個(gè)人、集體和個(gè)人的利益出現(xiàn)矛盾的時(shí)候,是否需要藺相如那種“先國(guó)家之急而后私仇”的精神呢?當(dāng)我們發(fā)現(xiàn)自己犯了錯(cuò)誤的時(shí)候,是否也需要廉頗那種知錯(cuò)能改,負(fù)荊請(qǐng)罪的精神呢?毫無(wú)疑問(wèn) ,這兩位歷史人物是值得我們學(xué)習(xí)的。他之所以這樣做,是“先國(guó)家之急而后私仇”。廉頗深感不滿(mǎn),揚(yáng)言要當(dāng)眾侮辱藺相如?!? 于是作者最后用這樣一句話(huà)來(lái)點(diǎn)題“只要你是一只天鵝蛋,就是生在養(yǎng)鴨場(chǎng)里也沒(méi)有關(guān)系?!惫耪Z(yǔ)云:“木秀于林,風(fēng)必摧之。這正是夏天!小麥?zhǔn)屈S澄澄的,燕麥?zhǔn)蔷G油油的。故事就從這里開(kāi)始了:由于這只“小鴨子”又大又丑(按照鴨們的審美觀點(diǎn)),先后遭到了鴨群、雞群、養(yǎng)鴨場(chǎng)女傭人的歧視、排擠、譏笑和打罵,無(wú)奈小鴨只得逃離故鄉(xiāng),被迫離家出走,又先后歷經(jīng)了沼澤地遇險(xiǎn)、農(nóng)家小屋里的虐待以及種種艱難坎坷,在經(jīng)歷了一個(gè)嚴(yán)寒的冬天的磨難后,慢慢地,它的翅膀變得有力了,它向一群美麗的大鳥(niǎo)(天鵝)飛去,它向往著它們的生活,即使他們會(huì)弄死它,它也不怕。 四、作品題(共 2 道試題,共 30 分。 二、自然科學(xué)論文的閱讀 (一)具備必要的自然科學(xué)知識(shí)基礎(chǔ)和修養(yǎng)。有的社會(huì)科學(xué)論文的閱讀常常超越了文本敘述的客觀對(duì)象,而涉及深廣的歷史文化背景。 只有這樣鑒賞,我們才能更好地理解寓言,運(yùn)用寓言。外因是條件,內(nèi)因才是根本。讓弈秋教二人下棋,其中一人專(zhuān)心致志,惟弈秋的話(huà)是聽(tīng);另一個(gè)人雖然也在聽(tīng)講,心里卻在想有鴻鵠將要到,想著拿帶引繩的弓箭去射它,雖然他和另一人同學(xué)一起學(xué)習(xí),卻是不如他。 寓言是一種含有諷喻意義的短小故事。 2. 歷史故事的文體特征 答: (1)內(nèi)容的史實(shí)性和借鑒意義 (2)敘事的傳統(tǒng)模式 (3)語(yǔ)言的通俗性 3. 學(xué)術(shù)論文的創(chuàng)造性和文獻(xiàn)性 答: (1)學(xué)術(shù)論文的創(chuàng)造性指學(xué)術(shù)論文要反映出作者對(duì)客觀事物研究的獨(dú)到理解和觀點(diǎn),應(yīng)該顯示出新理論、新設(shè)想、新方法、新定理,甚至能夠填補(bǔ)某個(gè)領(lǐng)域的空白??茖W(xué)論文具有學(xué)術(shù)性、創(chuàng)造性、科學(xué)性和文獻(xiàn)性。在某種程度上也可以說(shuō)人文精神就是文化精神的精粹和靈魂。它大多以簡(jiǎn)短的故事為載體,往往采用借喻的手法,向讀者暗示它所蘊(yùn)涵的深刻思想。當(dāng)然刻畫(huà)人物是中 心任務(wù),情節(jié)和環(huán)境是為刻畫(huà)人物服務(wù)的。我們之所以說(shuō)這是小說(shuō)藝術(shù)的三要素,是因?yàn)檫@是由三者的關(guān)系決定的。 巴金的《繁星》由四個(gè)片段組成:一是從前在家夏季夜晚納涼時(shí)仰望星天的情景,二是“三年前”在南京住處后院看星天的情景,三是“如今在海上”躺在艙面上仰望星空的情景,四是一個(gè)英國(guó)人指點(diǎn)我“看天上巨人”的情景。 長(zhǎng)短不一,整散結(jié)合的句式,很好地表現(xiàn)了詩(shī)人復(fù)雜而又激動(dòng)的情感。用韻上同中有變。 答:詩(shī)歌的基本特征是節(jié)奏和音韻