【正文】 ccurs after returning Poverty. Need to implement resettlement in water policy, after helping to establish longterm mechanism, and the need to actively explore ways to water based industrial development. The establishment of government guidance, marketdriven, people subject to water a new mechanism for development of basic industries. Gradually form of water for water to water for fishing, running water, hydro and fisheries bined with a good mechanism to speed up the industrialization process, improve the industrial economic efficiency. To help local farmers escape poverty. Some mountainous areas are still outstanding issues of power shortage. Urgent need to improve living conditions of farmers. From the overall interests of farmers, protect the environment, promote economic development perspective. Need to strengthen rural Small Hydropower Project. (3) economic and social sustainable development, water demand for water is to optimize the development of human settlements. Realize the importance of harmony between man and nature means and basic ways. In our economy is relatively more developed regions and cities, on the third level of the water needs of more urgent. Need to rely on water for the people to create a good living environment, promote the new rural development and ecological civilization, man and nature live in harmony. At the same time. Need to develop urban and developed areas of water as a carrier of water landscape and water culture to enrich people39。s livelihood, water is its theoretical development and improvement. Taking into account the people39。 關(guān)鍵詞： 民生水利；內(nèi)涵；基本理論 一、 前言 人類的生存發(fā)展離不開水．而水的自然 循環(huán)狀態(tài)又不能完全滿足人類的需求．因此人類很早就開始通過工程措施對水加以約束和引導(dǎo)，以達(dá)到興水利除水害的目的。河渠書》，其中寫到“甚哉。 1934 年，中國水利工程學(xué)會第三屆年會決議提 出：“水利應(yīng)包括防洪、排水、灌溉、水力、水道、給水、污渠、港工八種工程在內(nèi)”，這是近代中國對“水利”所包含內(nèi)容的概括。又是經(jīng)濟(jì)社會又好又快發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)。在水利事業(yè)蓬勃發(fā)展的同時(shí)，與水利相關(guān)的民生問題卻越來越突出．廣大人民群眾不能充分享受水利發(fā)展的成果。有針對性地解決與民眾生活息息相關(guān)的水利需求問題，“民生水利”作為新時(shí)期我 國水利發(fā)展的新思路應(yīng)運(yùn)而生，成為新時(shí)期水利發(fā)展的方向。理清民生與水利的關(guān)系．有利于確認(rèn)民生水利的內(nèi)涵，有助于理解民生水利的基本理論。隨著社會的發(fā)展．“民生”內(nèi)涵也在逐步發(fā)展完善，孫中山先生認(rèn)為“民生就是人民的生活 —— 社會的生存、國民的生計(jì)、群眾的生命。孫中山的“民生”概念是在中國處于半封建半殖民的社會背景下提出來的．具有鮮明的時(shí)代特征。消除兩極分化，最終達(dá)到共同富裕。胡錦濤同志提出的“科學(xué)發(fā)展觀”在繼承上述思想基礎(chǔ)上。 2．民生與水利的關(guān)系 水利與民生的關(guān)系具體可概括為兩方面：一是發(fā)展水利對改善民生有重要作用。與民眾的生產(chǎn)生活息息相關(guān)．在改善民生中具有極為重要的戰(zhàn)略地位和作用。其次。過去重視用水效益，但在水利投入和水資源配置上存在比較嚴(yán)重的失衡現(xiàn)象．民生問題仍然很突出。使人人共享水利發(fā)展與改 革成果。要充分發(fā)揮水利在改善民生中的作用．必須繼續(xù)堅(jiān)持發(fā)展水利事業(yè)．發(fā)展的目標(biāo)必須是讓廣大老百姓滿意．維護(hù)老百姓最根本的利益。有利于解決“三農(nóng)”問題．加強(qiáng)農(nóng)業(yè)基礎(chǔ)，加快農(nóng)村發(fā)展。在水權(quán)分配中 要切實(shí)保障社會群體用水的公平性和基本用水需求，保障水資源利用權(quán)利和機(jī)會公平．通過實(shí)現(xiàn)人類社會內(nèi)部的和諧，進(jìn)而達(dá)到人與自然的和諧．維護(hù)不同區(qū)域之間的人的公平 (區(qū)際公平 )、當(dāng)代人之間的公平 (代內(nèi)公平 )、當(dāng)代人與后代人之間的公平 (代際公平 )，確保水利發(fā)展成果惠及全體人民及子孫后代，促進(jìn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展。把握當(dāng)今我國水資源和水利發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀，根據(jù)新時(shí)期我國經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展對水利的新要求。我國水資源開發(fā)利用現(xiàn)狀和經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展對水利提出的實(shí)踐需求是民生水利思路 形成的現(xiàn)實(shí)依據(jù)，我國水利建設(shè)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)為民生水利的提出提供了可借鑒的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。環(huán)境水利強(qiáng)調(diào)人類生活 對水環(huán)境、水質(zhì)量的需求，并提出了相應(yīng)的水資源可持續(xù)利用和水環(huán)境維護(hù)改善的一系列理論技術(shù)和手段，給關(guān)系 民生的水環(huán)境問題和水資源可持續(xù)利用問題提供了理論和方法指導(dǎo)。與此類似，人民群眾的水利需求也可劃分為 3 個(gè)層次 ,①第一個(gè)層次的需求稱為基本水利需求，主要是指與人民的生命財(cái)產(chǎn)、身體健康直接相關(guān)的需求，例如防洪減災(zāi)、飲水安全、血吸蟲病防治、病險(xiǎn)水庫除險(xiǎn)加固等。 四、民生水利的理論基礎(chǔ)和實(shí)踐需求 1．理論基礎(chǔ) 美國科學(xué)家馬斯洛 (AbrahamHaroldMaslow)將人格發(fā)展的動機(jī)分為 5 個(gè)層 次，見圖 1。資源水利注重水資源開發(fā)、利用、治理、配置、節(jié)約和保護(hù)統(tǒng)籌研究，在很大程度上彌補(bǔ)了工程水利重建設(shè)輕管理、重經(jīng)濟(jì)效益輕社會效益和環(huán)境效益的不足，其關(guān)于水資源統(tǒng)一配置、統(tǒng)一調(diào)度、統(tǒng)一管理的思路，被民生水利所借鑒。提出的全新的水利發(fā)展思路。⑤民生水利建立在資源水利、環(huán)境水利、生態(tài)水利等水利發(fā)展思路的 基礎(chǔ)上．其理論體系是一 脈相承并逐漸向前發(fā)展的。③發(fā)展水利、改善民生的制度保障是進(jìn)一步深化配水制度改革和水權(quán)的全面改革，解決水資源分配不公的矛盾。②民生水利在統(tǒng)籌兼顧的前提下，特別注重解決與“三農(nóng)”相關(guān)的水利問題。我們認(rèn)為可歸納為 5 個(gè)方面的內(nèi)容。堅(jiān)持民生為先。一方面，隨著社會生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展，人民的生活水平有了很大提高．人們對潔凈的空氣、清潔的淡水、綠色食品等物質(zhì)需求越來越迫切，同時(shí)。直接關(guān)系到國家防洪安全、糧食安全、供水安全和生態(tài)安全．關(guān)系到民眾的生命安全和身體健康，關(guān)系到人與自然相和諧的生態(tài)文明建設(shè)、全面建設(shè)小康社會以及經(jīng)濟(jì)社會的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。首先。做到發(fā)展為了人民、發(fā)展依靠人民、發(fā)展成果由人民共享。后兩者的理論思想與孫中山的民生思想存在共同的特征．其中之一就是三者均以人民群眾的利益為根本出發(fā)點(diǎn)。作出了關(guān)于社會主義本質(zhì)的論斷．他指出：“社會主義的本質(zhì)，是解放生產(chǎn)力。強(qiáng)調(diào)中華民族不能亡國滅種，國家社會安全也不能遭受威脅；“國民的生計(jì)”應(yīng)指國內(nèi)民眾生活日用的基本保障問題。宣公十二年》上，所謂“民生在勤，勤則不匱”。構(gòu)建民生水利的科學(xué)理論體系。都需要根據(jù)不同地區(qū)、不同產(chǎn)業(yè)、不同民眾的實(shí)際水利需求。我國地域遼闊，不同地區(qū)自然條件和經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展 水平差別較大，傳統(tǒng)的水資源配置思路過于注重水資源利用效率，注重工業(yè)和服務(wù)業(yè)、輕視農(nóng)業(yè)。改革開放以來，隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)社會的持續(xù)發(fā)展，工農(nóng)業(yè)和居民生活用水量迅速增加，對水資源的依賴程度也在不斷增大。其時(shí)“水利”的概念主要包括治河防洪、灌溉排水、城鎮(zhèn)供水、運(yùn)河開鑿等與農(nóng)業(yè)及百姓生活緊密相關(guān)的內(nèi)容。人們在治水興水過程中對水利的認(rèn)識逐漸提高，進(jìn)而又促進(jìn)了水利實(shí)踐活動。研究并確認(rèn)民生水利的內(nèi)涵，明晰其基本理論淵源，對促進(jìn)水利工作、保障經(jīng)濟(jì)社會可持續(xù)發(fā)展具有重要意義。s livelihood project, Resources, Environment and Ecological Water Conservancy basis. The latter39。s water needs. Not in strict accordance with the level from low to high order. That is not the only lowlevel water needs are met before there is a higher level of water demand. As the natural conditions in different regions, economic development and human history there are differences, the economic development needs of the water support to different degrees. People of different types of water levels are not the same degree of urgency. In view of the development of economic and social status. The actual water and livelihood problems to solve, you need the spirit of fair and impartial coordination to resolve people39。s health. ② The second level of demand and the people bee rich mainly refers to the development of production, improve living standards related to water demand, such as irrigation infrastructure, soil erosion, water and postresettlement support policy, rural small hydropower development and so on. When such demands can not be met. Will seriously affect people39。s livelihood by drawing water. And has been developed and perfected. Environmental water stress on the water environment of human life, water quality requirements, and the corresponding sustainable use of water resources and water environment, maintenance and improvement of a series of theoretical techniques and tools, to the livelihood of the water environment and sustainable use of water resources issues of theory and methods of guidance. Eco Water that the protection of water resources not only to protect water quality and quantity. But also to protect the entire ecosystem, including water systems, proposed development, utilization, management and protection of the ecosystem approach and measures, reflects the value of hydraulic engineering at a higher level of service, which is water in the peopleoriented livelihood, and ultimately the allround consistent with the development of ideas. Fourth,