【正文】 的帶有螺紋的零件進(jìn)行自動(dòng)化和快速加工的。如果工件的數(shù)量少于1000件，在六角車(chē)床上進(jìn)行加工比在自動(dòng)螺絲車(chē)床上加工要經(jīng)濟(jì)得多。對(duì)于某些零件。s CNC rate of less than 3 percent. Over the past 10 years, China39。s reform and opening up, many foreign enterprises from the introduction of technology, equipment and production lines for technological transformation. According to inplete statistics, from 1979 to 1988 10, the introduction of technological transformation projects are 18,446, about billion US dollars. These projects, the majority of projects in China39。s machine tool industry transformation, but also from old industries to enter the CNC technology mainly to the new industries. In the United States, Japan, Germany, with CNC machine tools and technological transformation of production lines vast market, has formed a CNC machine tools and production lines of the new industry. In the United States, transforming machine tool industry as renewable (Remanufacturing) industry. Renewable industry in the famous panies: Borsches engineering pany, atoms machine tool pany, DevliegBullavd (Bo) services group, US equipment panies. Companies in the United Statesrun panies in China. In Japan, the machine tool industry transformation as machine modification (Retrofitting) industry. Conversion industry in the famous panies: Okuma engineering group, Kong 3 Machinery Company, Chiyoda Engineering Company, Nozaki engineering pany, Hamada engineering panies, Yamamoto Engineering Company. , the content of NC Machine tools and production line NC transformation main contents of the following: One is the restoration of the original features of the machine tools, production line of the fault diagnosis and recovery。一、機(jī)床數(shù)控化改造的必要性、微觀看改造的必要性從微觀上看，數(shù)控機(jī)床比傳統(tǒng)機(jī)床有以下突出的優(yōu)越性，而且這些優(yōu)越性均來(lái)自數(shù)控系統(tǒng)所包含的計(jì)算機(jī)的威力。由于計(jì)算機(jī)有記憶和存儲(chǔ)能力，可以將輸入的程序記住和存儲(chǔ)下來(lái)，然后按程序規(guī)定的順序自動(dòng)去執(zhí)行，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)化。 擁有自動(dòng)報(bào)警、自動(dòng)監(jiān)控、自動(dòng)補(bǔ)償?shù)榷喾N自律功能，因而可實(shí)現(xiàn)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間無(wú)人看管加工。此外，機(jī)床數(shù)控化還是推行FMC（柔性制造單元）、FMS（柔性制造系統(tǒng)）以及CIMS（計(jì)算機(jī)集成制造系統(tǒng)）等企業(yè)信息化改造的基礎(chǔ)。除在制造過(guò)程中采用數(shù)控機(jī)床、FMC、FMS外，還包括在產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)中推行CAD、CAE、CAM、虛擬制造以及在生產(chǎn)管理中推行MIS（管理信息系統(tǒng)）、CIMS等等。如我國(guó)機(jī)床擁有量中，數(shù)控機(jī)床的比重（數(shù)控化率）％，％，因此每年都有大量機(jī)電產(chǎn)品進(jìn)口。機(jī)床的年產(chǎn)量數(shù)控化率為6％。所以必須大力提高機(jī)床的數(shù)控化率。但是有的引進(jìn)項(xiàng)目由于種種原因，設(shè)備或生產(chǎn)線不能正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，甚至癱瘓，使企業(yè)的效益受到影響，嚴(yán)重的使企業(yè)陷入困境。只要找出主要的技術(shù)難點(diǎn)，解決關(guān)鍵技術(shù)問(wèn)題，就可以最小的投資盤(pán)活最大的存量資產(chǎn)，爭(zhēng)取到最大的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和社會(huì)效益。我國(guó)的機(jī)床改造業(yè)，也從老的行業(yè)進(jìn)入到以數(shù)控技術(shù)為主的新的行業(yè)。美國(guó)得寶公司已在中國(guó)開(kāi)辦公司。、數(shù)控化改造的優(yōu)缺　減少投資額、交貨期短同購(gòu)置新機(jī)床相比，一般可以節(jié)省60％～80％的費(fèi)用，改造費(fèi)用低?！C(jī)械性能穩(wěn)定可靠，結(jié)構(gòu)受限摘　要:在傳統(tǒng)機(jī)械和現(xiàn)代機(jī)械中齒輪和軸的重要地位是不可動(dòng)搖的。關(guān)鍵詞:齒輪；軸在直齒圓柱齒輪的受力分析中，是假定各力作用在單一平面的。像我們要討論的那樣，尚有其他道理需要學(xué)習(xí)，掌握。如果一張被剪成平行四邊形（矩形）的紙張包圍在齒輪圓柱體上，紙上印出齒的角刃邊就變成斜線。在直齒圓柱齒輪中，接觸是平行于回轉(zhuǎn)軸線的。當(dāng)軸向推力變的大了或由于別的原因而產(chǎn)生某些影響時(shí)，那就可以使用人字齒輪。交錯(cuò)軸斜齒輪或螺旋齒輪，他們是軸中心線既不相交也不平行。它們是以同樣的方法進(jìn)行制造。蝸輪與交錯(cuò)軸斜齒輪相似。蝸輪不是斜齒輪，因?yàn)槠潺X頂面做成中凹形狀以適配蝸桿曲率，目的是要形成線接觸而不是點(diǎn)接觸。當(dāng)然，如果每個(gè)構(gòu)件各自局部地包圍著對(duì)方的蝸輪機(jī)構(gòu)就是雙包圍蝸輪蝸桿機(jī)構(gòu)。當(dāng)齒輪要用來(lái)傳遞相交軸之間的運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)，就需要某種形式的錐齒輪。在典型的錐齒輪安裝中，其中一個(gè)錐齒輪常常裝于支承的外側(cè)。然而在直齒圓柱齒輪情況下，在節(jié)線速度較高時(shí)，他們將發(fā)出噪音。這種齒輪之間的輪齒作用是沿著一根直線上產(chǎn)生滾動(dòng)與滑動(dòng)相結(jié)合的運(yùn)動(dòng)并和蝸輪蝸桿的輪齒作用有著更多的共同之處。軸能夠承受彎曲，拉伸，壓縮或扭轉(zhuǎn)載荷，這些力相結(jié)合時(shí)，人們期望找到靜強(qiáng)度和疲勞強(qiáng)度作為設(shè)計(jì)的重要依據(jù)。短的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)軸常常被稱為主軸。因之，設(shè)計(jì)者無(wú)論何時(shí)，動(dòng)力傳遞零件，如齒輪或皮帶輪都應(yīng)該設(shè)置在靠近支持軸承附近。進(jìn)而有著大量的關(guān)于設(shè)計(jì)的問(wèn)題，其中由于別的考慮例如剛度考慮，尺寸已得到較好的限制。因?yàn)閮蓚€(gè)構(gòu)件開(kāi)始以不同速度運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)而使打滑發(fā)生了，并且在作用過(guò)程中能量散失，結(jié)果導(dǎo)致溫升。這個(gè)問(wèn)題將必須對(duì)每個(gè)幾何機(jī)構(gòu)形狀分別進(jìn)行研究。分析摩擦離合器和制動(dòng)器的各種形式都應(yīng)用一般的同樣的程序，下面的步驟是必需的：1． 假定或確定摩擦表面上壓力分布；2． 找出最大壓力和任一點(diǎn)處壓力之間的關(guān)系；3． 應(yīng)用靜平衡條件去找尋（a）作用力；（b）扭矩；(c)支反力。為了在結(jié)合過(guò)程中給變換作用予較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間周期，夾爪可以是棘輪式的，螺旋型或齒型的。離合器需要同步操作。當(dāng)?shù)竭_(dá)超載點(diǎn)時(shí)聽(tīng)到的“喀嚓”聲就被認(rèn)定為是所希望的信號(hào)聲。驅(qū)動(dòng)作用是靠在套筒和平面之間契入的滾子來(lái)獲得。電磁線圈被裝入磁路中的某處。t falter in traditional machine and modern wheel gear and shafts mainly install the direction that delivers the dint at the principal axis passing to process to make them can is divided into many model numbers, useding for many situations we must be the multilayers to the understanding of the wheel gear and shaft in many ways .Key words: Wheel gear。 the two angles are equal for a 90deg. Shaft angle.When gears are to be used to transmit motion between intersecting shaft, some of bevel gear is required. Although bevel gear are usually made for a shaft angle of 90 deg. They may be produced for almost any shaft angle. The teeth may be cast, milled, or generated. Only the generated teeth may be classed as accurate. In a typical bevel gear mounting, one of the gear is often mounted outboard of the bearing. This means that shaft deflection can be more pronounced and have a greater effect on the contact of teeth. Another difficulty, which occurs in predicting the stress in bevelgear teeth, is the fact the teeth are tapered. Straight bevel gears are easy to design and simple to manufacture and give very good results in service if they are mounted accurately and positively. As in the case of squr gears, however, they bee noisy at higher values of the pitchline velocity. In these cases it is often good design practice to go to the spiral bevel gear, which is the bevel counterpart of the helical gear. As in the case of helical gears, spiral bevel gears give a much smoother tooth action than straight bevel gears, and hence are useful where high speed are encountered.It is frequently desirable, as in the case of automotive differential applications, to have gearing similar to bevel gears but with the shaft offset. Such gears are called hypoid gears because their pitch surfaces are hyperboloids of revolution. The tooth action between such gears is a bination of rolling and sliding along a straight line and has much in mon with that of worm gears.A shaft is a rotating or stationary member, usually of circular cross section, having mounted upon it such elementsas gears, pulleys, flywheels, cranks, sprockets, and other powertransmission elements. Shaft may be subjected to bending, tension, pression, or torsional loads, acting singly or in bination with one another. When they are bined, one may expect to find both static and fatigue strength to be important design considerations, since a single shaft may be subjected to static stresses, pletely reversed, and repeated stresses, all acting at the same time.The word “shaft” covers numerous variations, such as axles and spindles. Anaxle is a shaft, wither stationary or rotating, nor subjected to torsion load. A shirt rotating shaft is often called a spindle.When either the lateral or the torsion