【正文】 ncock 中心就是一個很顯著的例子。為了控制道路的阻塞，要對建筑的縮進(jìn)設(shè)計進(jìn)行限定。 1902年在紐約建造的高 286 英寸（ 米）的 Flatiron 大廈不斷地被后來的建筑所超越。 1885年最重的型鋼通過熱軋生產(chǎn)出來，每英寸不到 100 磅（ 45 千克）。有時為了抵抗風(fēng)荷載還是在豎向構(gòu)件和橫向構(gòu)件的連接點出貼覆上節(jié)點板來加固結(jié)構(gòu)。實心砌體的天井與界墻提供抵抗風(fēng)載的側(cè)向支撐。 18841885 年，芝加哥的工程師 Le Baron Jennny設(shè)計了家庭保險公司大廈。 在 1889 年巴黎召開的世界博覽會上，金屬結(jié)構(gòu)表現(xiàn)出了在超高層建筑運用上的內(nèi)在潛力。 1907 年 Quebec 懸索大橋的偶然破壞揭露了二十世紀(jì)初期由于缺乏足夠的理論知識，甚至是缺乏足夠的理論研究的基礎(chǔ)知識，而 導(dǎo)致在應(yīng)力分析方面出現(xiàn)了很多的不足。 其中一個很好的例子就是 Eads 大橋（也被稱為路易斯洲大橋）（ 18671874）。在金屬結(jié)構(gòu)的發(fā)展歷史中，有兩個標(biāo)志性事件：首先是從木橋發(fā)展而來的格構(gòu)梁由木制轉(zhuǎn)化為鐵制；其次是鍛鐵制的受拉構(gòu)件與鑄鐵制的受壓構(gòu)件受熱后通過鉚釘連接工藝的發(fā)展。此工字鋼長 英尺）（ 米）。長久以來一直用木材制作的三角桁架也換成鐵制的了。而直到此工藝問世之后才使得鋼材 14 可以大批生產(chǎn)出來供結(jié)構(gòu)所用。大部分的鋼結(jié)構(gòu)都包括建筑設(shè)計，工程技術(shù)、工藝。 Skidmore ,Owings 和Merrill 共同設(shè)計的混合體系就是一個好例子。 筒中筒結(jié)構(gòu)：另一種針對于辦公大樓的鋼筋混凝土體系把傳統(tǒng)的剪力墻結(jié)構(gòu)與外框架筒相結(jié)合。 鋼筋混凝土中的各體系：雖然鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的高層建筑起步比較早，但是鋼筋混 凝土的高層建筑的發(fā)展非?？?，無論在辦公大樓還是公寓住宅方面都成為剛結(jié)構(gòu)體系的有力競爭對手。所有的典型柱和窗下墻托梁都是軋制型材，最大程度上減小了組合構(gòu)件的使用和耗費。薄殼筒體是筒體系統(tǒng)的又一大飛躍。芝加哥的110 層的 Sears Roebuck 總部大樓有 9 個筒體，從基礎(chǔ)開始分成三個部分。這種高度的結(jié)構(gòu)體系首次被芝加哥的 John Hancock 中心大廈采用。這個時候此高層建筑的整個結(jié)構(gòu)抵抗風(fēng)荷載的所有強度和剛度將達(dá) 到最大的效率。這些創(chuàng)新的結(jié)構(gòu)已經(jīng)被廣泛地應(yīng)用于辦公大樓和公寓建筑中。而曲線 B 顯示則顯示的是在框架被保護(hù)而不受任何側(cè)向荷載的情況下的鋼材的平均重量。除此之外，過大的搖動也會使建筑的使用者們因感覺到這樣的的晃動而產(chǎn)生不舒服的感覺。 50 層到 100 層的建筑被定義為超高層建筑。 nine derricks powerde by electric hoists lifted the girders to position。the simplicity of their design proved highly practical even in the absence of sophisticated analysis techniques. Throughout the first third of the century, ordinary carbon steel, without any special alloy strengthening or hardening, was universally used. The possibilities inherent in metal construction for highrise building was demonstrated to the world by the Paris Exposition of which AlexandreGustave Eiffel, a leading French bridge engineer, erected an openwork metal tower 300m (984 ft) high. Not only was the heightmore than double that of the Great Pyramidremarkable, but the speed of erection and low cost were even more so, a small crew pleted the work in a few months. The first skyscrapers. Meantime, in the United States another important development was taking place. In 188485 Maj. William Le Baron Jenney, a Chicago engineer , had designed the Home Insurance Building, ten stories high, with a metal skeleton. Jenney’s beams were of Bessemer steel, though his columns were cast iron. Cast iron lintels supporting masonry over window openings were, in turn, supported on the cast iron columns. Soild masonry court and party walls provided lateral support against wind loading. Within a decade the same type of construction had been used in more than 30 office buildings in Chicago and New York. Steel played a larger and larger role in these , with riveted connections for beams and columns, sometimes strengthened for wind bracing by overlaying gusset plates at the junction of vertical and horizontal members. Light masonry curtain walls, supported at 8 each floor level, replaced the old heavy masonry curtain walls, supported at each floor level , replaced the old heavy masonry. Though the new construction form was to remain centred almost entirely in America for several decade, its impact on the steel industry was worldwide. By the last years of the 19th century, the basic structural shapesI beams up to 20 in. ( ) in depth and Z and T shapes of lesser proportions were readily available, to bine with plates of several widths and thicknesses to make efficient members of any required size and strength. In 1885 the heaviest structural shape produced through hotrolling weighed less than 100 pounds (45 kilograms) per foot。by 1819 angle irons were rolled。 1 Talling building and Steel construction Although there have been many advancements in building construction technology in general. Spectacular archievements have been made in the design and construction of ultrahighrise buildings. The early development of highrise buildings began with structural steel concrete and stressedskin tube systems have since been economically and petitively used in a number of structures for both residential and mercial highrise buildings ranging from 50 to 110 stories that are being built all over the United States are the result of innovations and development of new structual systems. Greater height entails increased column and beam sizes to make buildings more rigid so that under wind load they will not sway beyond an acceptable lateral sway may cause serious recurring damage to partitions, other architectural details. In additio