圖形用戶界面（gui）詳細(xì)發(fā)展歷史-經(jīng)營管理(文件)
【正文】 controls in addition to text. The user of the puter utilizes a pointing device, like a mouse, to manipulate these icons and controls. This was a great leap forward from the mand line interface used in other operating systems, in which the user types a series of text mands to the puter. Initial Developments The first concept of a windowing system begins with the first realtime graphic display systems for puters, namely the SAGE Project and Ivan Sutherland’s Sketchpad. Augmentation of Human Intellect Doug Engelbart’s Augmentation of Human Intellect project at SRI in the 1960s developed the OnLine System, which incorporated a mousedriven cursor and multiple windows. Xerox PARC Engelbart’s work directly led to the advances at Xerox PARC. Several people went from SRI to Xerox PARC in the early 1970’s. The Xerox PARC team codified the WIMP (windows, icons, menus and pointers/pulldown menus) paradigm, first pioneered on the Xerox Alto experimental puter, but which eventually appeared mercially in the Xerox 8010 (’Star’) system in 1981. Apple Lisa and Macintosh Beginning in 1979, led by Jef Raskin, the Lisa and Macintosh teams at Apple Computer (which included former members of the Xerox PARC group) continued to develop such ideas. The Macintosh, released in 1984, was the first mercially successful product to use a GUI. A desktop metaphor was used, in which files looked like pieces of paper。T attempted to push for a GUI standard called OpenLook in petition with Motif. OpenLook was a welldesigned standard developed from scratch while MOTIF was a collective effort that fell into place. Many who worked on OpenLook at the time appreciate its design coherence. Motif prevailed the ’religious’ war and became the bases for CDE (Common Desktop Environment). Both X and Open Motif are available today as free software. In the late 1990s, there was significant growth in the Unix world, especially among the free software munity. New graphical desktop movements grew up around GNU/Linux and similar operating systems, based on the X. A new emphasis on providing an integrated and uniform interface to the user brought about new desktop environments, KDE and GNOME. See also: ? Apple v. Microsoft ? Bill Atkinson ? Doug Engelbart’s OnLine System ? Graphical user interface ? History of puting ? History of Microsoft Windows ? Ivan Sutherland’s Sketchpad ? Jef Raskin External links: ? VisiOn history The first GUI for the PC 以下來自： 1973 April 1973, the first operational Alto puter is pleted at Xerox PARC. The Alto is the first system to pull together all of the elements of the modern Graphical User Interface. Features: 3button mouse. Bitmapped display. The use of graphical windows. Ether work. 1980 1980: Three Rivers Computer Corporation introduces the the Perq graphical workstation. 1981 1981 June: Xerox introduces the Star, the mercial successor to the Alto. Notable features: Doubleclickable icons, overlapping windows, dialog boxes and a 1024*768 monochrome dis
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