【正文】 tracts are inplete. According to inplete contracting theories of therm(Coase, 1937。 Williamson, 1985)frictions in the bargaining and renegotiation process that acpanies a contract change generate expost adaptation costs. Theory predicts these costs are higher when the process involves subcontractors. These cost considerations in uence contractors39。 Lafontaine and Slade, 2020。 beliefs about the noncontracted contingencies that might occur during the expost build phase. Many contingencies alter blueprints, which, in turn, requires an adjustment in quantities actually installed. I propose a measure based on quantity changes. Specically, the dierence between the work item quantity in the original blueprints and the quantity actually installed after blueprint revisions proxies for inpleteness. Those tasks that experience little or no change were likely perceived by contractors to have a low degree of inpleteness while those with large changes a high degree of inpleteness. This is an exogenous measure because 寧波工程學院畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文） — 外文翻譯 4 contractors have little ability, exante and expost, to in uence installed quantities. Quantities change because of3external circumstances. Bidding and subcontracting decisions depend on inpleteness. I do not explicitly model the mechanics of the expost bargaining process。D intesity), Forbes and Lederman (2020) (airlines) Levinand Tadelis (2020) (municipal services) obtain the same result. The literature on forward integration into retailing nds mixed Williamson (1985) and, in particular, his earlier work Williamson (1975), identied uncertainty as one of the key determinants of rm boundaries for empirical researchers to take to the factor is losing favor, in part, because of the difculty of measuring uncertainty. Typically, studies rely on 寧波工程學院畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文） — 外文翻譯 6 survey data of industry practitioners or measures of market volatility. Uncertainty is notoriously measured with error. This creates severe attenuation bias that leads to statistically insignicant strength of this study is that the proxy captures a precise notion of inpleteness: changes in the construction contract measured at the detailed level of a work item transaction. Besides providing evidence about theory, this study has practical signicance. Public procurement agencies emphasize the petitive aspects of contracting. They try to promote petition with the goal of reducing bidder markups. Markup estimates are small, around 4%.9This suggeststhere are negligible gains available from promoting further petition. Instead, eorts to write more plete construction plans could generate signi cant cost savings|up to 17% for the transactions most sensitive to inpleteness. Moreover, the civil engineering industry is important to study given the urgency to replace and repair \structurally de cient public infrastructure. The Federal Highway Administration projects the need for an annual spending increase on bridges from $5 billion to $40 billion. In the conclusion, I o er a more indepth analysis and motivate ideas for policy research. This work is related to the empirical auctions literature. There is an especially large body of work on highway procurement auctions including the contributions of Porter and Zona (1993), Hong and Shum (2020), Krasnokutskaya (2020), JofreBo and Pesendorfer (2020), Bajari, Houghton, and Tadelis (2020), Marion (2020), De Silva et al. (2020), and Bajari and Lewis (2020). This is the rst study to use work items as the unit of observation within the context of a structural auction Previous empirical work on bid skewing (Athey and Levin, 2020。 section 7 concludes. 寧波工程學院畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文） — 外文翻譯 8 中文翻譯 2： 分包和不完全競爭性招標 采購合同 丹尼爾 P. 米勒 美 國 明 尼 蘇 達 大 學 就 業(yè) 市 場 的 紙 2020 年 11 月 12 日 文摘 本文研究了成本契約的不完全性及其意義除在橋梁施工分包決定產(chǎn)業(yè)。向前看的承包商預期這些成本并將他們投標。不同之間的工作在原合同項目數(shù)量 ,數(shù)量安裝后 —— 其實殘缺的代表。他們執(zhí)行 50%的工作土木工程 ,和 75% ~ 100%在一個典型的民營建筑項目 1。他指的是“危險通常包括合同變化 ,表現(xiàn)在許多方面的費用。 (1994)樣本中平均延誤索賠建設(shè) 60%合同持續(xù)時間和帶有一