【正文】
assumed by management – 管理層發(fā)揮領(lǐng)導(dǎo)作用 ? shareholders lesser role 股東作用小 ? External auditors could overvalue implicit/explicit State guarantee 外部審計(jì)可能高估國(guó)家的隱性或直接擔(dān)保 ? Banking supervision last line of defense 銀行監(jiān)管 — 最后的防線 6 PrivatelyOwned Banks 私有銀行 ? Management has no autonomy vs. the shareholder(s) 管理層相對(duì)股東沒(méi)有自主權(quán) ? Bank supervision more critical protect the depositors 銀行監(jiān)管更為重要 —保護(hù)儲(chǔ)戶 ? Market discipline may or may not be significant 市場(chǎng)規(guī)則 —重要性不明確 7 Listed Banks 上市銀行 ? Key elements will work effectively 有效的關(guān)鍵要素: – Shareholders 股東 – Audit Committee 審計(jì)委員會(huì) – Management 管理層 – Market Discipline 市場(chǎng)規(guī)則 – External Auditors 外部審計(jì) – Bank Supervisors 銀行監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu) 8 Increased Importance of Corporate Governance 公司治理的重要性加強(qiáng) ? Governance weaknesses cited as major contributor to banking problems 公司治理缺陷是導(dǎo)致銀行出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題的主要原因 ? Growing plexity of bank activity 銀行經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)日漸復(fù)雜 ? Consolidation across financial sectors 金融領(lǐng)域合并不斷 ? Enhanced focus by OECD, BIS, SEC 經(jīng)合組織 、 國(guó)際清算銀行 、 美國(guó)證券交易委員會(huì)提高關(guān)注 9 Impact by Type of Economy 經(jīng)濟(jì)模式的影響 ? World Bank identified four separate models: 世界銀行確定的四種模式: – Asia 亞洲 – Europe 歐洲 – AngloSaxon countries 盎格魯 薩克遜國(guó)家 – Emerging Economies 新興國(guó)家 10 Characteristics by Type of Economy 經(jīng)濟(jì)模式的特點(diǎn) ? Asia: 亞洲 ? Large and small diversified shareholders 多樣化的大、小股東 ? Close links between corporations, banks and governments 政府、企業(yè)、銀行關(guān)系緊密 ? Tightly held and family control 控制嚴(yán)格,家族管理 ? Absence of minority protection 缺乏對(duì)小股東的保護(hù) ? Impact: 影響 ? Lack of market discipline 缺乏市場(chǎng)約束 ? Poor governance 治理水平差 ? Europe: 歐洲 ? Strong institutional framework 嚴(yán)格的制度框架 ? Swift enforcement and creditor protection 執(zhí)行迅速,保護(hù)債權(quán)人 ? Weak capital markets and limited disclosure 資本市場(chǎng)薄弱,信息披露有限 ? Strong role for banks and institutional investors 銀行和機(jī)構(gòu)投資者占強(qiáng)勢(shì)地位 ? Impact: 影響 ? Reasonable control and governance 合理的控制和治理 11 ? AngloSaxon countries 盎格魯 薩克遜國(guó)家 : ? Strong equities markets 強(qiáng)勁的股票市場(chǎng) ? Generally good information 普遍良好的信息披露 ? Good contractual enforcement 執(zhí)行合同良好 ? Effective boards 有效的董事會(huì) ? Takeover a real threat 收購(gòu)才是真正的威脅 ? Impact 影響 : ? Competitive markets 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng) ? Good financial arbitrage 良好的金融套利機(jī)會(huì) ? Really good governance 相當(dāng)良好的治理 ? Emerging economies: 新興國(guó)家 ? Poor legal environment 法律環(huán)境差 ? Weak enforcement 執(zhí)行薄弱 ? Little transparency 缺乏透