【正文】 on the cost of resources– Project files – Records of previous project results that are detailed enough to aid in developing cost estimates– Commercial costestimating databases – Historical information available mercially– Project team knowledge? Estimating publications – Commercially available data on cost estimating? Risks – Since risks can have a significant impact on cost, the effect of risk on the cost estimates for each activity must be consideredCost Estimating713Source: pmbok guide 2023 169。 2023 RobbinsGioia, Inc. OutputsResource requirements – Description of the types (., skill levels) and numbers of resources required by each element of the WBSResource Planning79Source: pmbok guide 2023 169。 2023 RobbinsGioia, Inc. Resource PlanningDetermining physical resources needed (., material, equipment, and people) and what quantities of each should be used and when they would be needed to perform project activities75Source: pmbok guide 2023 169。PMP Preparation TrainingCost ManagementChapter772Source: pmbok guide 2023 169。 2023 RobbinsGioia, Inc. Resource PlanningInputs ? Scope statement? WBS? Resource pool description? Organizational policies? Historical information? Activity durations estimatesTools Techniques? Expert judgment? Alternatives identification? PM softwareOutputs? Resource requirements76Source: pmbok guide 2023 169。 2023 RobbinsGioia, Inc. Cost Estimating? Difference between cost estimating and pricing:– Cost estimating: Assessing how much it will cost the anization to provide the product or service– Pricing: Assessing how much the anization will charge for the product or service? Cost estimating also includes identifying and considering cost alternativesProcess of developing an approximation (or estimate) for the cost of the resources necessary to plete the project activities 710Source: pmbok guide 2023 169。 2023 RobbinsGioia, Inc. Tools Techniques? Analogous estimating (Expert judgment) – Used to estimate total project costs if there is a limited amount of detailed information ? Parametric modeling – Using project characteristics (or parameters) in a mathematical model to predict costs (., price per square foot)? Bottomup estimating – Estimating the cost of individual work items and then rolling up the costs to arrive at a project total? Computerized tools – PM software and spreadsheetsCost Estimating714Source: pmbok guide 2023 169。 2023 RobbinsGioia, Inc. Cost BudgetingInputs ? Cost estimates? WBS? Project schedule? Risk management planTools Techniques? Costbudgetingtools and techniquesOutputs? Cost baseline718Source: pmbok guide 2023 169。 2023 RobbinsGioia, Inc. Cost Control? Includes:– Monitoring cost performance to detect variances from the plan– Ensuring that all appropriate changes are recorded– Preventing incorrect, inappropriate, or unauthorized changes– Informing the appropriate stakeholders of authorized changes– Analyzing positive and negative variances and how they affect the other control processes? Influencing the factors that create changes to the cost baseline to ensure that changes are agreed upon? Determining that the cost baseline has changed? Managing the actual changes when and as they occur722Source: pmbok guide 2023 169。 2023 RobbinsGioia, Inc. Tools Techniques (cont.)? Additional planning – Changes may require new or revised cost estimates or an analysis of alternative approaches? Computerized tools – Used for tracking the value of planned costs pared to actual costs and for predicting the effects of cost changes? Earned Value Management – Continuously measuring project performance by relating the planned value, the earned value for work acplished, and the actual costs incurredCost Control726Source: pmbok guide 2023 169。 2023 RobbinsGioia, Inc. ? Control account – Level of the WBS at which a budget is assigned and a control account manager (CAM) is given responsibility for delivering the item? Create control accounts at the level that senior management wants to track cost and schedule? Use the responsibility assignment matrix (RAM) as a toolEstablishing Control AccountsCost Control730Source: pmbok guide 2023 169。 2023 RobbinsGioia, Inc. Planning PackagesFuture work that has not been planned in detail as work packages。 2023 RobbinsGioia, Inc. Performance Measurement Baseline (PMB)? The plan against which actual performance can be pared? Based on budgets assigned to scheduled segments of work? Build PMB by summing the PV for all control accounts, by reporting period? Budget at pletion (BAC) – Equal to the cumulative PV for the total projectCost Control735Source: pmbok guide 2023 169。 2023 RobbinsGioia, Inc. Actual Costs (AC)Actual expenditures for pl