【正文】 能有效地生活和工作在一個技術(shù)高度發(fā)達(dá)的社會中呢？ How to Live and Work in a Technically Advanced Society? Underlying Principles Is there a way that you, the modern man or woman, can sort through the plexity, formulate a set of principles underlying all systems and thereby enhance your ability to regulate the world in which you live? 你，作為一個現(xiàn)代人，有可能在這些復(fù)雜性當(dāng)中尋找出一系列適用于所有系統(tǒng)的原則，并由此而提高自己的能力來調(diào)節(jié)你所居住的這個世界嗎？ Cyberics = Regulation of Systems 事理學(xué) ＝ 系統(tǒng)的調(diào)節(jié) This question was of interest to a handful of people in the 1940s who were the pioneers in a field that has bee known as Cyberics, the science of the regulation of systems. 1940年的時候，有一批人對這個問題產(chǎn)生了興趣，他們成了這個的領(lǐng)域的探索先鋒，該領(lǐng)域后來被稱為事理學(xué)，也就是如何調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)的科學(xué)。 Systems Complexity, cont. Transportation systems alone have bee more plex . . . 只是交通系統(tǒng)就已經(jīng)變得更復(fù)雜了… Systems Complexity, cont. . . . and more plex . . . … 而且越來越復(fù)雜 … Systems Complexity, cont. . . . and more plex . . . … 越來越復(fù)雜 … Systems Complexity, cont. . . . and more plex . . . … 越來越復(fù)雜 … Systems Complexity, cont. . . . as have energy systems. … 能源系統(tǒng)也是如此。s existing knowledge. 事實上，一直到最近的幾百年前，對于某些人而言，他們一個人就有可能掌握人類現(xiàn)存知識體系中相當(dāng)重要的一部分。The History and Development of Cyberics The History and Development of Cyberics 事理學(xué)的歷史與發(fā)展 Presented by The Gee Washington University in Cooperation with The American Society for Cyberics The History and Development of Cyberics The History and Development of Cyberics 事理學(xué)的歷史與發(fā)展 History of Cyberics Many years ago . . . 很久以前 … The things a person had to understand to get through life were relatively unplicated. 一個人要從生活中理解的事情相對來說還不是很復(fù)雜。 Knowledge Mastery Leonardo DaVinci Leonardo Da Vinci was a leader in the fields of painting . . 達(dá)芬奇是繪畫領(lǐng)域的領(lǐng)軍人物 …. Da Vinci – Painting . . . sculpture . . . … 但同時也是雕塑領(lǐng)域的 … Da Vinci, cont. – Sculpture . . . anatomy . . . … 也是解剖學(xué)專家 … Da Vinci, cont. – Anatomy . . . architecture . . . … 建筑學(xué)專家 … Da Vinci, cont. – Architecture . . . weapons engineering, and . . . … 武器制造工程師 … 而且還是 … Da Vinci, cont. – Weapons Engineering . . . aeronautical engineering. This is his sketch for a 16th century flying machine . . . … 航空工程師。 Systems Complexity, cont. Some people have suggested that technology . . . 有些人建議技術(shù) … Technology Advances . . . is advancing so rapidly it . . . … 發(fā)展得如此迅猛 … Technology Advances, cont. . . . is outpacing our ability to control it. … 已經(jīng)超出了我們能夠控制的能力了。 Cyberics = Regulation of Systems Cyberics is an interdisciplinary science that looks at any and all systems from molecules . . . 事理學(xué)是一門跨學(xué)科科學(xué)，研究的是任何一種系統(tǒng)，小到分子 … Cyberics – an Interdisciplinary Science . . . to galaxies, with special attention to machines, animals and societies. … 大到銀河系，對機器、動物和社會也有特別的關(guān)注。 Norbet Weiner Wiener was an applied mathematician, biologist, and electrical engineer. He worked during World War II on the radarguided antiaircraft gun. Wiener本人是應(yīng)用數(shù)學(xué)家、生物學(xué)家和電子工程師。 Weiner – Radar, cont. The system imitated human functions and performed them more effectively. 這個系統(tǒng)模擬人的功能，并且比人更為有效。 Feedback A more familiar example of the use of feedback to regulate a system is the mon thermostat for heating a room. 使用反饋來調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)的一個更為普遍的例子是供暖系統(tǒng)中的溫度計。時，實際溫度會上升到華氏 70176。 Room Temperature Falls to 660 房間溫度下降到華氏 66176。 . . . then the sensor in the thermostat triggers the furnace to turn on again. … 然后感應(yīng)器會再次啟動爐子 Thermostat Feedback Example, cont. Self Regulating System 自我調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng) The sensor provides a feedback loop of information that allows the system to detect a difference from the desired temperature of 68 degrees and to make a change to correct the error. As with the antiaircraft gun and the airplane, this system – consisting of the thermostat, the heater and the room – is said to regulate itself through feedback and is a selfregulating system. 感應(yīng)器提供了一個信息反饋環(huán)，使得系統(tǒng)能夠發(fā)覺到房間溫度與 68176。例如，你的胃空了的時候，信息被傳遞到你的大腦。 Feedback – Hunger Example The human body is such a marvel of selfregulation that early cybericians studied its processes and used it as a model to design machines that were selfregulating. One famous machine called the homeostat was constructed in the 1940s by a British scientist, Ross Ashby. 人類的身體是如此驚奇的一個自我調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)，早期的事理學(xué)家們研究其過程并將其作為設(shè)計自我調(diào)節(jié)機器的模型。 Homeostat Homeostasis 內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài) The homeostat, the human being, and the thermostat all are said to maintain homeostasis or equilibrium, through feedback loops of various kinds. It does not matter how the information is carried – just that the regulator is informed of some change which calls for some kind of adaptive behavior. 內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)模擬器，人類，還有溫度計都是通過各種不同的反饋環(huán)在保持一個內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)或者平衡。tortoises39。 on and transforms into electrical energy which charges an accumulator inside her. Then she39。然后就像 Timothy吃飯后要小憩一樣， Elsie也會在柔和的光亮處休息一會兒。 The Anatomy of Elsie She looks a lot more like the inside of a transistor radio than . . . 她更像是一個晶體管收音機的內(nèi)部構(gòu)造 … Simulating a Human’s Function . . . the inside of a human body. But as a cyberician, Walter was not interested in imitating the physical form of a human being, but in simulating a human39。 Simulating Human Functions Not as Objects, 并不是一個物體 Processes 一個過程 In other words, he viewed humans . . 換句話說，他看人體 …. . . . but as . . . 而是 … Not Objects, but Processes For centuries, people have designed machines to help with human tasks and not just tasks requiring muscle power. 幾個世紀(jì)以來，人類設(shè)計了幫助人們完成任務(wù)的機器，這些任務(wù)并不僅僅是用肌肉力量就可以完成的。 Automata Macy Foundation Meetings 1946 – 1953 梅西會議 From 1946 to 1953 there was a series of meetings to discuss feedback loops and circular causality in selfregulating systems. 1946到 1953，有一系列的會議在討論自我調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)中的反饋環(huán)與循環(huán)因果關(guān)系。 Margaret Mead Breaks A Tooth The later meetings went somewhat more calmly as the