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ometimes difficult to know amount to spike ahead of time( 有時(shí)很難提前知道加標(biāo)量) 26 Fortified Blanks( 增強(qiáng)空白) ? Analyte spike into reagent blank –在試劑空白中加入被分析物標(biāo)樣 ? Carried through sample preparation process –在樣品準(zhǔn)備過程中加入 27 Surrogate( 替代) ? Compound with similar properties to target analyte – 與被分析物具有相近特性的化合物 ? Added to all samples (unknowns and QC) but not standards – 在所有樣品 (未知的和 QC)中加入,但標(biāo)樣中不加 ? Used to monitor method performance on a sample (matrix) specific basis – 應(yīng)基于特定樣品(基體),用于監(jiān)測(cè)方法表現(xiàn) 28 Reference Materials 參考物質(zhì) ? Matrix matched materials with known concentration of analytes( 被分析物已知濃度的基體匹配的物質(zhì)) ? May be external or inhouse( 外部 或室內(nèi)) ? Sources( 來源) – NIST (US) – NRC (Canada) – European Union( 歐盟) – Commercial Vendors( 商業(yè)渠道) 29 Reference Materials 參考物質(zhì) ? Used primarily to monitor accuracy – 主要用于監(jiān)測(cè)準(zhǔn)確度 ? May be used for other quality – 用于其它質(zhì)量目的 ? measures (precision, sensitivity) – 測(cè)量(精密度、靈敏度) ? Best overall QC?( 最好的全面質(zhì)量控制?) ? Expensive( 費(fèi)用高) 30 Precision Studies( 精密度研究) ? Duplicates( 重復(fù)) – Field duplicates( 場(chǎng)地重復(fù)) – Lab duplicates( 實(shí)驗(yàn)室重復(fù)) – Instrument duplicates( 儀器重復(fù)) – Interlab splits( 室內(nèi)分樣) ? Used to identify variance in different processes( 用于識(shí)別不同過程的變異) 31 Sensitivity Studies 靈敏度研究 ? Usually performed initially, then periodically thereafter –通常最開始要做,以后定期做 ? Multiple replicates of a blank or lowlevel standard –空白或低含量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)多次重復(fù) 32 Sensitivity Studies 靈敏度研究 ? Detection Limit – no quantitation –檢測(cè)限 非定量 ? Quantitation Limit – Accuracy criteria added –定量限 –準(zhǔn)確度準(zhǔn)則 33 Sensitivity Studies 靈敏度研究 ? Detection Limit – 99% certainty that the concentration is greater than zero – that the analyte is present in the sample( 檢測(cè)限 —99%確定濃度大于 0樣品中有被分析物) – Uncertainty is high (+/ 100% or more) ? 不確定度高( +/ 100% 或更高) ? Quantitation Limit( 定量限) – Lowest concentration that can be determined with a given accuracy (. 20% relative error) ? 在一定準(zhǔn)確度下(如 20%相對(duì)誤差)可以測(cè)定出的最低濃度 34 Linearity( 線性) ? Determined initially and then as needed – 最開始時(shí)測(cè)定,然后需要時(shí)測(cè)定 ? Dynamic Linear Range relates to detector response – 動(dòng)態(tài)線性范圍與檢測(cè)器響應(yīng)有關(guān) ? Also consider preparation limitations – 也可以認(rèn)為是準(zhǔn)備中的限制 – Solubilities( 溶解度) – Extraction efficiencies( 提取率) – Derivitizing reactions( 衍生反應(yīng)) 35 What do we run as QC? 為什么要做質(zhì)量控制 ? It depends on:( 取決于) – Type of instrumentation ? 儀器類型 – Stage of Method Development ? 方法開發(fā)階段 – Type of analysis ? 分析類型 36 What do we run as QC? 為什么要做質(zhì)量控制 ? Stage of Method Development ?方法開發(fā)階段 – Validation( 確認(rèn)) – Verification / Qualification( 驗(yàn)證 /判斷) – Routine analysis( 日常分析) 37 What do we run as QC? 為什么要做質(zhì)量控制 ? Type of Analysis( 分析類型) – Assay( 分析) – Impurities( 雜質(zhì)) ? Limits( 限制) ? Content( 含量) – Identification( 識(shí)別) 38 Quality Data Required at Method Validation( 方法確認(rèn)所需的質(zhì)量數(shù)據(jù)) Data Required所需數(shù)據(jù) 稱 Impurity Testing雜質(zhì)檢測(cè) Assay Content分析含量 Limit限 Accuracy準(zhǔn)確度 NO YES NO YES Precision精密度 NO YES NO YES Selectivity選擇性 YES YES YES YES Detection limit檢測(cè)限 NO MAYBE可能 YES NO Quantitation limit定量限 NO YES NO MAYBE可能 Linearity線性 NO YES NO YES Range范圍 NO YES NO YES 39 Quality Data Required in Routine Analysis日常分析所需質(zhì)量數(shù)據(jù) Data Required所需數(shù)據(jù) 稱 Impurity Testing雜質(zhì)檢測(cè) Assay Content分析含量 Limit限 Accuracy準(zhǔn)確度 NO YES NO YES Precision精密度 NO YES NO YES Selectivity選擇性 NO MAYBE1 NO MAYBE1 Detection limit檢測(cè)限 NO NO NO