【正文】 tions, major code improvements, and, in general, the further development of the FVCOM source code and the associated software tools needed to process, visualize and interpret FVCOM model output.B．參與FVCOM社區(qū)用戶可以通過(guò)三種主要途徑公開參與FVCOM社區(qū)（a）報(bào)告代碼缺陷和問(wèn)題（b）分享對(duì)代碼的修正（c）公開討論模式缺陷、必須的改進(jìn)和增加以及主要成就（）。The FiniteVolume Coastal Ocean Model (“FVCOM”) source code has been developed in the Marine Ecosystem Dynamics Modeling Laboratory led by Dr. C. Chen at the University of Massachusetts – Dartmouth (UMASSD) in collaboration with Dr. R. Beardsley at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. All copyrights to the FVCOM code are reserved. Unauthorized reproduction and redistribution of this code are expressly prohibited except as allowed in this License. 有限體積海岸海洋模型（FVCOM）。我們保留FVCOM代碼的所有版權(quán)，在未經(jīng)許可的情況下禁止復(fù)制和重新分配本代碼。通過(guò)這些途徑可以使整個(gè)FVCOM社區(qū)快速通知用戶代碼問(wèn)題、可能的解決方法、主要代碼改進(jìn)、FVCOM源代碼和程序所需要的聯(lián)合軟件工具進(jìn)一步改進(jìn)、顯示和解釋FVCOM模式輸出。D. Publication of FVCOM ResultsThe user agrees to acknowledge FVCOM in any publications resulting from the use of the FVCOM source code. The user agrees to use the name “FVCOM” to refer to the model.D． FVCOM結(jié)果的發(fā)布用戶發(fā)表由FVCOM源程序得到的結(jié)果時(shí)必須注明并用“FVCOM”來(lái)指代模式。 Naimie, 1996). The finitedifference method is the most basic discrete scheme and has the advantage of putational and coding efficiency. Introducing an orthogonal or nonorthogonal curvilinear horizontal coordinate transformation into a finitedifference model can provide adequate boundary fitting in relatively simple coastal regions but these transformations are incapable of resolving the highly irregular inner shelf/estuarine geometries found in many coastal areas (Blumberg 1994。即使定義并可用離散數(shù)學(xué)解得大洋環(huán)流控制方程，這種不規(guī)則的海岸邊界系統(tǒng)對(duì)于研究模型發(fā)展的海洋學(xué)家是一個(gè)嚴(yán)峻的挑戰(zhàn)。Naimie, 1996)。 Chen et )。 Cockburn et al., 1998)已應(yīng)用于解決海洋問(wèn)題并取得了較好的計(jì)算精確性和效率。在自由尺度三角網(wǎng)格中（與有限元方法相同）用通量計(jì)算（與有限差分法相同）可以從數(shù)學(xué)上解得這些積分方程，有限體積近似可以保證單獨(dú)控制要素和整體計(jì)算范圍的質(zhì)量守恒。給出了所有步驟的詳細(xì)說(shuō)明（如網(wǎng)格生成、模式輸入和輸出、匯編、平行計(jì)算等）。 Chapter 4: the external forcings。 Chapter 8: the biological modules。 Chapter 13: the model coding description and general information。第二章：模型公式；第三章：有限體積離散方法；第四章：外強(qiáng)迫；第五章：開邊界處理；第六章：四維數(shù)據(jù)同化方法；第七章：沉積模塊；第八章：生物模塊；第九章：示蹤物追蹤模型；第十章：三維拉格朗日粒子追蹤模型；第十一章：海冰模塊；第十二章：代碼平行計(jì)算；第十三章：模式編碼和總說(shuō)明；第十四章：模型安裝；第十五章：模型設(shè)置；第十六章： 模型應(yīng)用的舉例；第十七章：自由網(wǎng)格產(chǎn)生的一個(gè)例子。為了提高下一版本的質(zhì)量，請(qǐng)?zhí)岢霰臼謨?cè)存在的問(wèn)題以及改進(jìn)建議。 S is the salinity。 g is the gravitational acceleration。Fig. : Illustration of the orthogonal coordinate system: x: eastward。 Chen et al., 2004b).其中為表面凈熱量通量，包括四部分：向下的短波，長(zhǎng)波輻射，顯通量和潛通量；為海表面的短波通量；為海水比熱；水平熱量擴(kuò)散系數(shù)。這種吸收面首先由Kraus（1972）提出，Simpson和 Dickey (1981a, b)以及其他學(xué)者將其用于上部海洋日熱量的數(shù)學(xué)研究。牽引系數(shù)為在底面高度出將對(duì)數(shù)底層引入模型，例如where k = is the von Karman constant and zo is the bottom roughness parameter.其中k=；為底面糙度參數(shù)。在有限差分近似中由這兩項(xiàng)的不精確計(jì)算引起的錯(cuò)誤可能使實(shí)際值偏大。因此，F(xiàn)VCOM可以由（）和（）給出底部的精確示蹤通量。在此坐標(biāo)系下，方程（）（）化為：In the s coordinate system, the horizontal diffusion terms are defined as:在坐標(biāo)系下，水平擴(kuò)散項(xiàng)為：where and are the horizontal eddy and thermal diffusion coefficients, respectively. According to the argument made by Mellor and Blumberg (1985), the simplification made in ()(227) helps to ensure the validity of the locally 1D bottom boundary layer simulation in the scoordinate transformation system. Physically speaking, these simplifications are equivalent to the assumption that horizontal diffusion occurs only parallel to the slayers. It is clear that this simplification can lead to additional vertical mixing in the slope region due to the s transformation, thus making the modelpredicted thermoclines too diffusive in the vertical. Questions related to the horizontal diffusion terms and the stability of FVCOM without these terms are being addressed in the FVCOM development and will be improved in a later version.其中和分別為水平旋轉(zhuǎn)和熱擴(kuò)散系數(shù)。關(guān)于水平擴(kuò)散項(xiàng)的問(wèn)題以及沒(méi)有這些項(xiàng)的情況下FVCOM的穩(wěn)定性正在處理，并將在下一版本得到改善。在給出海表面上升的條件下也可解決三維方程?！?denotes the vertically integration. For example, for a given variable上標(biāo)“——”表示垂直積分。顯然，的值隨模型分辨率和水平速度梯度變化：隨網(wǎng)格尺度水平速度梯度的減小而減小。 b) the winddriven surface wave breaking induced turbulent energy input at the surface and internal wave parameterization by Mellor and Blumberg (2004)。Recently, the General Ocean Turbulent Model (GOTM) has bee a very popular opensource munity model (Burchard, 2002). The GOTM implements a number of turbulence modules which range from a simple Richardson parameterization to plex Reynoldsstress turbulence closure models. These modules include the ( q ql ) and (k ) turbulent closure models (where is the turbulent kinetic energy and is the turbulent dissipation). The k model is an alternative turbulent closure model that is very similar in dynamics to the q ql turbulent closure model. The most recent version of the k model also includes a more plete form of the pressurestrain covariance term with buoyancy, anisotropic production and vorticity contributions such that the cutoff of mixing is shifted from (original model) to (Canuto et al., 2001). The GOTM library has been interfaced with FVCOM and the full functionality of GOTM is available to FVCOM users. Brief descriptions of the original (q ql ) and the general form of the k model now featured in FVCOM are given below. Detailed descriptions of these models can be found in the GOTM manual and references listed in this paragraph. 近期，大洋湍流模型（GOTM）成為了普遍使用的開放源碼模型。k 模型的近期版本包括浮力壓強(qiáng)應(yīng)變協(xié)方差更完整的形式，各向異性分量和旋轉(zhuǎn)成分，混合截?cái)嘧兓秶鷱?)到 (Canuto et al., 2001)。. The Model. In the boundary layer approximation where the shear production of turbulent kinetic energy is produced by the vertical she ar of the horizontal flow near the boundary, the equations for and can be simplified as 在邊界層近似中，湍流動(dòng)能的剪切分量由近邊界水平流動(dòng)的垂直剪切產(chǎn)生，和的方程可簡(jiǎn)化為：where is the turbulent kinetic energy。 and are the shear and buoyancy production terms of turbulent kinetic energy。 H is the mean water depth。Galperin et al. (1988) 利用除去尺度分析中一個(gè)微小矛盾簡(jiǎn)化了MY湍封閉模型，使和僅依賴于。因此，和在表面和底部總為0。 is the waverelated roughness height. According to the “best” fit to field data (Terray et al., 1996, 1997), can be approximated by其中是與波齡有關(guān)的參數(shù)；為“傳統(tǒng)”經(jīng)驗(yàn)長(zhǎng)度范圍；為波粗糙高度。也是復(fù)雜波動(dòng)力學(xué)的一個(gè)經(jīng)驗(yàn)參數(shù)。 Janssen, 2001) and,