【正文】 0,000 kilowattsenough to supply the entire city of Albany, New York, for a day.Glasswalled skyscrapers can be especially wasteful. The heat loss (or gain)through a wall of halfinch plate glass is more than ten times thatthrough a typical masonry wall filled with insulation board. To lessen thestrain on heating and airconditioning equipment, builders of skyscrapershave begun to use doubleglazed panels of glass, and reflective glassescoated with silver or gold mirror films that reduce glare as well as heatgain. However, mirrorwalled skyscrapers raise the temperature of thesurrounding air and affect neighboring buildings.Skyscrapers put a severe strain on a city’s sanitation facilities, too. Iffully occupied, the two World Trade Center towers in New York City would alone generate million gallons of raw sewage each yearas much as a city the size of Stanford, Connecticut , which has a population of more than 109, 000.　14 A Rare Fossil RecordThe preservation of embryos and juveniles is a rate occurrence in the fossil record. The tiny, delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers or destroyed by weathering before they can be fossilized. Ichthyosaurs had a higher chance of being preserved than did terrestrial creatures because, as marine animals, they tended to live in environments less subject to erosion.Still, their fossilization required a suite of factors: a slow rate of decay of soft tissues, little scavenging by other animals, a lack of swiftcurrents and waves to jumble and carry away small bones, and fairly rapidburial. Given these factors, some areas have bee a treasury ofwellpreserved ichthyosaur fossils.The deposits at Holzmaden, Germany, present an interesting case foranalysis. The ichthyosaur remains are found in black, bituminous marineshales deposited about 190 million years ago. Over the years, thousands of specimens of marine reptiles, fish and invertebrates have been recovered from these rocks. The quality of preservation is outstanding, but what is even more impressive is the number of ichthyosaur fossils containing preserved embryos. Ichthyosaurs with embryos have been reported from 6 different levels of the shale in a small area around Holzmaden, suggesting that a specific site was used by large numbers of 　ichthyosaurs repeatedly over time. The embryos are quite advanced in their physical development。 France was predominant on land, Britain at sea. The French knew that, short of defeating the British navy, their only hope of victory was to close all the 　ports of Europe to British ships. Accordingly, France set out to overeBritain by extending its military domination from Moscow t Lisbon, fromJutland to Caldaria. All of this entailed tremendous risk, because Francedid not have the military resources to control this much territory and stillprotect itself and maintain order at home.French strategists calculated that a navy of 150 ships would provide theforce necessary to defeat the British navy. Such a force would give France a threetotwo advantage over Britain. This advantage was deemed necessary because of Britain’s superior sea skills and technology because of Britain ’s superior sea skills and technology, and also because Britain would be fighting a defensive war, allowing it to win with fewer forces. Napoleon never lost substantial impediment to his control of Europe. As his force neared that goal, Napoleon grew increasingly impatient and began planning an immediate attack.17 Evolution of sleepSleep is very ancient. In the electroencephalographic sense we share it with all the primates and almost all the other mammals and birds: it may extend back as far as the reptiles.　There is some evidence that the two types of sleep, dreaming and dreamless, depend on the lifestyle of the animal, and that predators are statisticallymuch more likely to dream than prey, which are in turn much more likely to experience dreamless sleep. In dream sleep, the animal is powerfullyimmobilized and remarkably unresponsive to external stimuli. Dreamless sleep is much shallower, and we have all witnessed cats or dogs cocking their ears to a sound when apparently fast asleep. The fact that deep dream sleep is rare among pray today seems clearly to be a product of natural selection,and it makes sens。 not only is the cash prize itself considerable,but it also dramatically increases sales of an author’s books.16. the war between Britain and FranceIn the late eighteenth century, battles raged in almost every corner ofEurope, as well as in the Middle East, South Africa, the West Indies, andLatin America. In reality, however, there was only one major war during this time, the war between Britain and France. All other battles were ancillary to this larger conflict, and were often at least partially related to its antagonist’ goals and strategies. France sought total domination of Europe. This goal was obstructed by British independence and Britain’s efforts throughout the continent to thwart Napoleon。 they form an electrocardiogram, which a doctor can study to determine how well the heart is working. The brain, too, sends out brain waves of electricity, which can be recorded in anelectroencephalogram. The electric currents generated by most living cells are extremely small often so small that sensitive instruments are needed to record them. But in some animals, certain muscle cells have bee so specialized as electrical generators that they do not work as muscle cells at all. When large numbers of these cell are linked together, the effects can be astonishing.The electric eel is an amazing storage battery. It can seed a jolt of as　much as eight hundred volts of electricity through the water in which itlive. (An electric house current is only one hundred twenty volts.) As many as fourfifths of all the cells in the electric eel’s body are specialized for generating electricity, and t