【正文】 he strength of the shock it can deliver corresponds roughly to length of its body.05 The Beginning of DramaThere are many theories about the beginning of drama in ancient Greece. The on most widely accepted today is based on the assumption that drama evolved from ritual. The argument for this view goes as follows. In the beginning, human beings viewed the natural forces of the worldeven the seasonal changesas unpredictable, and they sought through various means to control these unknown and feared powers. Those measures which appeared to bring the desired results were then retained and repeated until they hardened into fixed rituals. Eventually stories arose which explained or veiled the mysteries of the rites. As time passed some rituals were abandoned, but the stories, later called myths, persisted and provided material for art and drama.Those who believe that drama evolved out of ritual also argue that those rites contained the seed of theater because music, dance, masks, and costumes were almost always used, furthermore, a 　suitable site had to be provided for performances and when the entire munity did not participate, a clear division was usually made between the acting area and the auditorium. In addition, there were performers, and, since considerable importance was attached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment of rites, religious leaders usually assumed that task. Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mimed the desired effectsuccess in hunt or battle, the ing rain, the revival of the Sunas an actor might. Eventually such dramatic representations were separated from religious activities.Another theory traces the theater’s origin from the human interest instorytelling. According to this vies tales (about the hunt, war, or otherfeats) are gradually elaborated, at first through the use of impersonation,action, and dialogue by a narrator and then through the assumption of each of the roles by a different person. A closely related theory traces theater to those dances that are primarily rhythmical and 　gymnastic or that are imitations of animal movements and sounds.06 TelevisionsTelevisionthe most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies, marked by rapid change and growthis moving into a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, which promises to reshape our lives and our world. It is an electronic revolution of sorts, made possible by the marriage of television and puter technologies. The word television, derived from its Greek (tele: distant) and Latin　(visio: sight) roots, can literally be interpreted as sight from a distance.Very simply put, it works in this way: through a sophisticated system ofelectronics, television provides the capability of converting an image(focused on a special photoconductive plate within a camera) into electronic impulses, which can be sent through a wire or cable. These impulses, when fed into a receiver (television set), can then be electronically reconstituted into that same image.Television is more than just an electronic system, however. It is a means of expression, as well as a vehicle for munication, and as such bees a powerful tool for reaching other human beings.The field of television can be divided into two categories determined by its means of 　transmission. First, there is broadcast television, which reaches the masses through broadbased airwave transmission of television signals.Second, there is nonbroadcast television, which provides for the needs of individuals or specific interest groups through controlled transmission techniques.Traditionally, television has been a medium of the masses. We are most familiar with broadcast television because it has been with us for about thirtyseven years in a form similar to what exists today. During those years, it has been controlled, for the most part, by the broadcast networks,ABC, NBC, and CBS, who have been the major purveyors of news, information, and entertainment. These giants of broadcasting have actually shaped not only television but our perception of it as well. We have e to look upon the picture tube as a source of entertainment, 　placing our role in this dynamic medium as the passive viewer.07 Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie, known as the King of Steel, built the steel industry in the United States, and, in the process, became one of the wealthiest men in America. His success resulted in part from his ability to sell the productand in part from his policy of expanding during periods of economic decline, when most of his petitors were reducing their investments.Carnegie believed that individuals should progress through hard work, but he also felt strongly that the wealthy should use their fortunes for thebenefit of society. He opposed charity, preferring instead to provideeducational opportunities that would allow others to help themselves. Hewho dies rich, dies disgraced, he often said.Among his more noteworthy contributions to society are those that bear his name, including the Carnegie Institute of Pittsburgh, which has a library, a museum of fine arts, and a museum of national history. He also founded a school of technology that is now part of CarnegieMellon University. Other 　philanthropic gifts are the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace to promote understanding between nations, theCarnegie Institute of Washington to fund scientific research, and CarnegieHall to provide a center for the arts.Few Americans have been left untouched by Andrew Carnegie’s generosity. His contributions of more than five million dollars established 2,500 libraries in small munities throughout the country and formed the nucleus of the public library system that we all enjoy today.08 American RevolutionThe American Revolution was not a sudden and violent overturning of the　political and social framework, su