【正文】 片人在做哪些嘗試。然而，上學(xué)卻是一個(gè)特定的形 式化了的過(guò)程。 與 陌生人的一次隨意談話可能會(huì)使人認(rèn)識(shí)到自己對(duì)其它宗教其實(shí)所知甚少。 它可以在任何場(chǎng)合下進(jìn)行，在淋浴時(shí)，在工作 時(shí)，在廚房里或拖拉機(jī)上。 而現(xiàn)在卻有人認(rèn)為孩子們上學(xué)打斷了他們 受教育的過(guò)程。除非是和音樂(lè)方面的知識(shí)和悟性結(jié)合起 來(lái)，單純的技巧沒(méi)有任何用處。 給鋼琴調(diào)音是調(diào) 音師的職責(zé)。 歌手們每天都練習(xí)吊嗓子，因?yàn)槿绻荒苡行У乜刂萍∪獾脑?，他們的? 帶將不能滿足演唱的要求。因?yàn)樽髑沂侨绱送耆匾蕾囉诼殬I(yè)歌手和職 業(yè)演奏者，所以職業(yè)歌手和職業(yè)演奏者肩上的擔(dān)子可謂不輕。★ 01 The Language of Music A painter hangs his or her finished picture on a wall, and everyone can see it. A poser writes a work, but no one can hear it until it is performed. Professional singers and players have great responsibilities, for the poser is utterly dependent on them. A student of music needs as long and as arduous a training to bee a performer as a medical student needs to bee a doctor. Most training is concerned with technique, for musicians have to have the muscular proficiency of an athlete or a ballet dancer. Singers practice breathing every day, as their vocal chords would be inadequate without controlled muscular support. String players practice moving the fingers of the left hand up and down, while drawing the bow to and fro with the right arm two entirely different movements. Singers and instrumentalists have to be able to get every note perfectly in tune. Pianists are spared this particular anxiety, for the notes are already there, waiting for them, and it is th e piano tuner39。 一名學(xué)音樂(lè)的學(xué)生要想成為 一名演奏者，需要經(jīng)受長(zhǎng)期的、嚴(yán)格的訓(xùn)練，就象一名醫(yī)科的學(xué)生要成為一名醫(yī)生一樣。 弦樂(lè)器的演奏者練習(xí)的則是在左手的手指上下滑動(dòng)的同時(shí)，用 右手前后拉動(dòng)琴弓 兩個(gè)截然不同的 動(dòng)作。 但調(diào)音師們也有他們的難處： 他們必須耐心地調(diào)理敲擊琴弦的音錘，不能讓 音錘發(fā)出的聲音象是打擊樂(lè)器，而且每個(gè)交疊的音都必須要清晰。 藝術(shù)家之所以偉大在 于他們對(duì)音樂(lè)語(yǔ)言駕輕就熟，以致于 可以滿懷喜悅地演出寫于任何時(shí)代的作品。 這種觀念中的上學(xué)與受教育之間的區(qū)別非常重要。 它既包括在學(xué)校所受的正規(guī)教育，也包括一切非正規(guī)教育。 人們從幼時(shí)起就 開始受教育。 在不同場(chǎng)合下，它的基本形式大同小異。 學(xué)校教育這一形式化的過(guò)程是有特定的 限制的。 所有 這些價(jià)格的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系構(gòu)成了價(jià)格系 統(tǒng)。 該定義就其本 身來(lái)說(shuō)自有其道理。 ★ 04 Electricity The modern age is an age of electricity. People are so used to electric lights, radio, televisions, and telephones that it is hard to imagine what life would be like without them. When there is a power failure, people grope about in flickering candlelight, cars hesitate in the streets because there are no traffic lights to guide them, and food spoils in silent refrigerators. Yet, people began to understand how electricity works only a little more than two centuries ago. Nature has apparently been experimenting in this field for millions of years. Scientists are discovering more and more that the living world may hold many interesting secrets of electricity that could benefit humanity. All living cells send out tiny pulses of electricity. As the heart beats, it sends out pulses of record。 當(dāng)停電時(shí)，人們?cè)趽u曳不定的燭光下暗中摸索； 因沒(méi)有紅 綠燈的指示，汽車在道路上遲疑不前；冰箱也停止工作，導(dǎo)致食物變質(zhì)。 當(dāng)心臟跳動(dòng)時(shí)，把它發(fā)出的脈沖記錄下來(lái)就成了心電圖，這可讓醫(yī)生了解心臟的 工作狀況。 這種細(xì)胞大量地連接在一起時(shí)產(chǎn)生的效果將是 非常令人吃驚的。 ★ 05 The Beginning of Drama There are many theories about the beginning of drama in ancient Greece. The one most widely accepted today is based on the assumption that drama evolved from ritual. The argument for this view goes as follows. In the beginning, human beings viewed the natural forces of the world even the seasonal changes as unpredictable, and they sought through various means to control these unknown and feared powers. Those measures which appeared to bring the desired results were then retained and repeated until they hardened into fixed rituals. Eventually stories arose which explained or veiled the mysteries of the rites. As time passed some rituals were abandoned, but the stories, later called myths, persisted and provided material for art and drama. Those who believe that drama evolved out of ritual also argue that those rites contained the seed of theater because music, dance, masks, and costumes were almost always used. Furthermore, a suitable site had to be provided for performances and when the entire munity did not participate, a clear division was usually made between the acting area and the auditorium. In addition, there were performers, and, since considerable importance was attached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment of rites, religious leaders usually assumed that task. Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mimed the desired effect success in hunt or battle, the ing rain, the revival of the Sun as an actor might. Eventually such dramatic representations were separated from religious activities. Another theory traces the theater39。 那些似乎帶來(lái)了滿意結(jié)果的手段就被保留下來(lái)并且重復(fù)直到這些手段固 化為不變的儀式，最后產(chǎn)生了能夠解釋或者掩蓋這些儀式神秘性的故事。 最 后這些戲劇性的表演從宗教活動(dòng)中分離了出來(lái)。 ★ 06 Television Television the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies, marked by rapid change and growth is moving into a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, which promises to reshape our lives and our world. It is an electronic revolution of sorts, made possible by the marriage of television and puter technologies. The word television, derived from its Greek (tele: distant) and Latin (visio: sight) roots, can literally be interpreted as sight from a distance. Very simply put, it works in this way: through a sophisticated system of electronics, television provides the capability of converting an image (focused on a special photoconductive plate within a camera) into electronic impulses, which can be sent through a wire or cable. These impulses, when fed into a receiver (television set), can then be electronically reconstituted into that same image. Television is more than just an electronic system, however. It is a means of expression, as well as a vehicle for munication, and as such bees a powerful tool for reaching other human beings. The field of television can be divided into two categories determined by its means of transmission. First, there is broadcast television, which reaches the masses through broad based airwave transmission of television signals. Second, there is nonbroadc