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前提 Antihumanism ? The author is dead. ? Structuralism finds out the grammar of literary works. Saussure39。s linguistic revolution ? 共時(shí)研究 與 歷時(shí)研究 ? object of structuralist study: langue。s linguistic revolution ? signifier + signified = signreferent ?互相依存,缺一不可 ? Saussure The two elements are intimately united, and each recalls the other. ” Saussure39。thing.39。 法國結(jié)構(gòu)主義“五巨頭” ? 列維 斯特勞斯 ? ??? ? 拉康 ? 阿爾都塞 ? 巴特 . 三、列維 — 斯特勞斯 的神話分析 ? 以結(jié)構(gòu)為理論核心,重視要素間的聯(lián)系,采用共時(shí)分析和歷時(shí)分析努力發(fā)現(xiàn)直接可知事物的背后結(jié)構(gòu);索緒爾語言學(xué)理論區(qū)分“語言”和“言語”,認(rèn)為符號是一個(gè)整體,由能指和所指兩方面構(gòu)成,強(qiáng)調(diào)語言符號是任意性的、差異性的;列維 斯特勞斯通過對眾多的原始神話或現(xiàn)象的表層結(jié)構(gòu)的語言分析,來呈現(xiàn)這些對神話、血緣關(guān)系和其他人類現(xiàn)象之系統(tǒng)和規(guī)則深處的“結(jié)構(gòu)”。巴特的“第二級符號系統(tǒng)”與神話批評和敘事學(xué)研究。巴特的“第二級符號系統(tǒng)” ? R. Barthes Myth Today LANGUAGE MYTH 1. Signfier 2. Signified 3. Sign I. SIGNFIER II. SIGNIFIED III. SIGNS 四、羅蘭 three pairs of actants: Helper/Opponent, Sender/Reciever, Subject/Object ? three basic patterns of action: contractive, disjunctive, and performative. 五、普羅普和格雷馬斯的敘事研究 ? Greimas39。”其人云:“我安忍。 鴝鵒 ? 攜至城,相問答,觀者漸眾?!蓖鯁桒B:“汝愿住否?”言:“愿住。呼肉啖之。 鴝鵒 頃之羽燥。此畢載積先生記?!? ? —— 馬茂元 《 唐詩選 》 ? ? Edward Said, Traveling Theory( 1982) ? A point of origin, a set of initial circumstances ? A distance transverse ? Conditions of acceptance or resistances ? Full( or partly) acmodated( or incorporated) idea English material ? Structuralism as a concept is grand, controversial and elusive. For our purposes it is to be understood at two levels of generality: first, as a broad intellectual movement, one of the most significant ways of theorizing in the human sciences in the twentieth century。 structuralist anthropology as blended from linguistics and Propp in the cookingpot of Claude L233。functions of the dramatis personae and associated actions. This is in fact a generative grammar of narrative: a finite sy