【正文】 It once refers to the novel which produces stories set in lonely frightening Gothic places. It is now generally applied to literature dealing with the strange, mysterious and supernatural designed to invoke suspense and terror in the readers. On Gothic Novel There is a strong Gothic strain in many mainstream 19th century works, including the works of the Brontes, Dickens, Edgar Allan Poe, and Hawthorne. In the 20th century, the genre flourished notably in popular horror fiction and films. Jane eyre Significance: 1. one of the most popular amp。愛(ài) III. Wuthering Heights 呼嘯山莊 1. Plot (P264268) a story about two families and an intruding stranger 2. Point of view: first person point of view。 limited social life determine that they must depend on men for sustenance amp。 hereditary influences which govern human action. 4. She is interested in the development of a soul, the slow growth or decline of moral power of the character. 5. Eliot holds the belief that a certain act in daily life will produce a definite moral effect on the individual. 6. Most of her novels are characterized by two features: moral teaching amp。 showing them in the lives of her characters, she starts a new type of realism amp。 a collection of satirical essays, The Impressions of Theophrastus Such, constitute a formidable body of work from a woman frail in health amp。 versatility, she quickly found herself ranking high among the great writers. 4. In 1857, she wrote her first three stories which were later published in book form under the title of Scenes of Clerical Life. II. Literary Career 1. her three most popular novels came successively, Adam Bede (1859), The Mill on the Floss (1860) amp。 ② both novelists, humorists。 some ical people (Mr. Micawber, etc.) are superb. Dickens also employs exaggeration in his works. Dickens’ works are also characterized by a mixture of humor amp。 the stories are better structured. Most novels of this period present a sharper criticism of social evils amp。 corruptness he saw all around him. In his works, Dickens sets a full map amp。 mystery to make the story fascinating. 4. The Power of Exposure As the greatest representative of English critical realism, Dickens made his novel the instrument of morality amp。 words that fit them: that is, right words amp。 Edwin Drood 《艾德溫 Little Dorrit 《小杜麗》 (18551857)。 Son 《董貝父子》 (18461848)。 irritation American Notes 《 美國(guó)紀(jì)行》 (1842)。 尼克貝》 (18381839)。 艱難時(shí)世 4. A Tale of Two Cities 雙城記 III. three periods a. optimism b. frustration c. pessimism 1. Period of youthful optimistSketches by Boz 《博茲札記》 (1836)。 practiced. Almost everything was put to the test by the criterion of utility, that is, the extent to which it could promote the material happiness. Charles Dickens (18121870) I. Life: 1. a middle class family 2. once was a child labor in a shoeblacking factory 3. a clerk, a reporter, a writer 4. the poets’ corner II. Major Works 1. Oliver Twist。 technology, new inventions amp。 the new Poor Law of 1834 with its workhouse system finally gave rise to the Chartist Movement (18361848). During the next twenty years, England settled down to a time of prosperity amp。 his “My Last Duchess” is one of the bestknown dramatic monologues. Further Reading: After the Reform Bill of 1832 passed the political power from the decaying aristocrats into the hands of the middle class industrial capitalists, the Industrial Revolution soon geared up. Towards the midcentury, England had reached its highest point of development as a world power. And yet beneath the great prosperity amp。 hearts. In “l(fā)istening” to those onesided talks, readers can form their own opinions amp。 physical diseases as they are. To be true to life bees the first requirement for literary writing. As the mirror of truth, literature has e very close to daily life, reflecting its practical problems amp。 working conditions. They, for three times, made appeals to the government, with hundreds of thousands of people’s signatures. The movement swept over most of the cities in the country. Although the movement declined to an end in 1848, it did bring some improvement to the welfare of the working class. This was the first mass movement of the English working class amp。 unbounded imagination are all unprecedented. In almost every genre it paved the way for the ing century, where its spirits, values amp。 bitter amp。 with different techniques, they shared one thing in mon, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the mon people. They were angry at the inhuman social institutions, the decaying social morality as represented by the moneyworship amp。 William Thackeray etc. 4. Features of Victorian novels In this period， the novel became the most widely read amp。 reflected both romantically amp。English Literature of the Victorian Age 1. The Victorian Period: Chronologically the Victorian period roughly coincides with the reign of Queen Victoria who ruled over England from1836 to 1901. The period has been generally regarded as one of the most glorious in the English history. II. Historical Background 1. economy: Industrial Revolution (1760 – 1840) 2. politics: Chartist movement (1838 – 1848) 憲章運(yùn)動(dòng) 3. science: Darwin’s theory of evolution(1859) 4. society: the women question Queen Victoria ( 1837 – 1901) The early years of the Victorian England was a time of rapid economic development as well as serious social problems. III. Critical Realism 1. definitionEnglish critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the 40s and in the early 50s. It found its expression in the form of novel. The critical realists, most of whom were novelists, described with much vividness and artistic skill the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democr