【正文】 ty so it could not be sold for businesses. This area is very improtant for the history of Tianjin. It was here that the city was first built during the Song Dynasty. Later many treasures were found here.To Feng, digging down in to the earth is like reading page after page of a book. Each dynasty found in the earth is like an interesting story. Not long ago he and other writers and artists took photos of the old parts of Tianjin. The photos were put into a book which was very popular. The money from the book helps his prjects. Once, and old man asked Feng to sign a book for him, saying he would give it to his grandson who was not yet born. Feng was glad to do it he knows that he past is not only for us to enjoy but also for the children of the future.Pausanias, who was a Greek writer about 2000 year ago, has e on a magical journey on March 18th ,2007 to find out about the presentday Olympic Games. He is now interviewing Li Yan, a volunteer for the 2008 Olympics Games.L: Every four years. There are two main sets of Games—the Winter and the Summer Olympics, and both are held every four years on a regular basis. The Winter Olympics are usually held two years before the Summer Games. Only athletes who have reached the agreed standard for their event will be admitted as petitors. They may e from anywhere in the world.L: Nowadays any country can take part if their athletes are good enough. There are over 250 sports and each one has its own standard. Women are not only allowed, but play a very important role in gymnastics, athletics, team sports and …L: As a matter of fact,every country wants the opportunity. It’s a great responsibility but also a great honour to be chosen. There’s as much petitions among countries to host the Olympics as to win Olympic medals. The 2008 Olympics will be held in Beijing.L: No, we don’t. It’s still all about being able to run faster, jumper higher and throw further. That’s the motto of the Olympics, you know—“ Swifter, Higher and Stronger.”Many kings and princes wanted to marry Atlanta, but when they heard of her rules they knew it was hopeless. So many of them sadly went home, but others stayed to run the race. There was a man called Hippomenes who was amazed when he heard of Atlanta’s rules, “ Why are these men so foolish?” hethought. “ Why will they let themselves be killed because they cannot run as fast as this princess?” However, when he saw Atlanta e out of her house to run, Hippomenes changed his mind. “ I will marry Atlanta—or die !“ he said.There is a crosscountry skiing race which is part of the Winter Olympics. In 2006 a Canadian skier, Sara Renner, was taking part in the crosscountry final when her left pole broke. This was a serious problem as she needed the pole to help her travel quickly through the deep snow. Immediately Bjornar Hakensmoen , the coach of the Norwegian team, gave her another pole. So Renner was able to get a silver medal. Hakensmoen said that he had only behaved as any good sportsman should, but Sara said that Hakensmoen had shown everybody the true meaning of sport.企業(yè)現(xiàn)有固定職工120人，各類專業(yè)技術(shù)人員48人，其中具有中高級以上職稱人員27人，工人技師21人。企業(yè)被列為第三批全國專利優(yōu)勢培育企業(yè)配備專用設(shè)計軟件及信息平臺，設(shè)立專門的專利信息管理部門。2004年1月企業(yè)生產(chǎn)的“防腐耐磨抽油泵被授予“**省名牌產(chǎn)品”稱號。同年企業(yè)的防砂、防卡抽油泵被**省科學(xué)技術(shù)廳確定為國家重點新產(chǎn)品。更名后企業(yè)法人、辦公地址、組織機(jī)構(gòu)不變。第二章 項目內(nèi)容第二章 項目內(nèi)容1 項目主要內(nèi)容和目標(biāo)本項目新建油管加工車間、離子滲氮車間、辦公樓和庫房等建筑工程，；購置各種生產(chǎn)設(shè)備、檢驗化驗設(shè)備等75臺套；同時配套建設(shè)場內(nèi)道路、綠化和給排水等輔助設(shè)施。2 技術(shù)成果水平本項目技術(shù)成果已獲得國家發(fā)明專利一項，實用新型兩項，另有一項發(fā)明專利正在早報中；經(jīng)**省經(jīng)委鑒定為新產(chǎn)品；經(jīng)**省科技情報處查新結(jié)論：“查新資料中未見提及。本技術(shù)立足點是最先進(jìn)的輝光離子氮化技術(shù)。普通的J55油管管材在經(jīng)過多元深孔輝光離子氮化處理后可獲得合理的表面硬度，表面化合物的硬度值大于550HV以上，硬磨能力強(qiáng)，壽命是普通油管的3倍以上。上述措施使油管防腐耐磨層具有耐冷熱疲勞、抗沖擊、耐腐蝕、耐磨損的特點，硬度可達(dá)到550HV以上，因此，本油管耐腐蝕，硬度高，耐磨性好，進(jìn)而實現(xiàn)高耐磨高防腐的目的，延長油管的使用壽命。在這一背景下，針對油田對提高油管使用壽命、減少油管消耗的迫切需求，我們開始著手防腐耐磨油管的研制開發(fā)及產(chǎn)業(yè)化工作。經(jīng)過多年的試驗探索，本企業(yè)掌握了相關(guān)產(chǎn)品在油田運行的大量數(shù)據(jù)，擁有豐富的技術(shù)資料及其實踐經(jīng)驗，這是其他生產(chǎn)單位所不可比擬的；這也為今后設(shè)計生產(chǎn)更多的清潔、節(jié)約型采油設(shè)備及配件，奠定了可靠的基礎(chǔ)。****，這些都是本項目建設(shè)的優(yōu)越條件。新打油井及老井維修一年的市場需量將達(dá)到幾千萬噸。2 用戶群體該油管適用于所有油田的采油場礦。這為我公司的產(chǎn)品銷售帶來前所未有的商機(jī)。隨著原油開發(fā)進(jìn)入中后期，采出液綜合含水率逐漸上升，這些問題日趨嚴(yán)重。或只是在內(nèi)表面進(jìn)行噴涂或電鍍防腐材料，燒結(jié)玻璃內(nèi)襯，脈沖真空氣體氮化處理，但其普遍存在著諸多問題，具體如下：噴涂的油套的不足之處①、噴涂材料結(jié)合力差。電鍍防腐材料（鉻、鎳、磷等）的油管的不足之處①、內(nèi)表面容易出現(xiàn)針孔、失鍍區(qū)域等缺陷。表面防腐層容易剝落在抽油泵上方沉積，如進(jìn)入泵筒極易造成卡泵事故的發(fā)生；③、電鍍層壽命低。燒結(jié)玻璃內(nèi)襯油管的不足之處①、易碎、易剝落。脈沖真空氣體氮化處理的不足之處目前有一些企業(yè)采用脈沖真空氣體氮化技術(shù)，但還不足、不完善，內(nèi)表面氮化結(jié)果不理想。眾所周知常規(guī)氮化處理規(guī)律，處理時隨著其深度的增加，含氮濃度及分解率的變化迅速下降，使得管孔深處的氮化層的深度及硬度無法保證，因在距離端口1800mm以上處內(nèi)孔氮化層深度及硬度會隨深度的延伸而逐漸減小，油管中部內(nèi)孔的氮化層無法滿足使用要求，磨損和腐蝕會首先從此處開始，最直接檢驗方法為剖開油管中段，直接用硬度計檢測氮化層硬度，用金相顯微鏡檢測氮化層深度。加上周邊的幾個小油田，市場需求很大，不用向其它的油田銷售，便會供不應(yīng)求，全國市場的需量更大。如再加上國際市場，市場銷售將更加可觀。是**市為油田配套企業(yè)中規(guī)模較大的民營企業(yè)，連續(xù)多年被評為“民營經(jīng)濟(jì)典型大戶”。公司是中國石油天然氣總公司“三抽”設(shè)備網(wǎng)絡(luò)成員單位；企業(yè)市場策劃能力強(qiáng)，市場定位準(zhǔn)確；注重營銷隊伍的建設(shè)，具有健全的銷售網(wǎng)絡(luò)，廣闊的銷售渠道；針對吉林油田和大慶油田不同的市場特點，不斷調(diào)整營銷策略，市場覆蓋面及市場占有率逐年提高，產(chǎn)品銷往大慶、吉林、遼河等油田。2005年11月，企業(yè)與相關(guān)研究機(jī)構(gòu)合作，研發(fā)并制造出具有高科技含量的泵筒全自動脈沖離子滲氮設(shè)備，改變了傳統(tǒng)氮化工藝，解決了泵筒各尺寸段氮化層不均勻的技術(shù)難題，填補(bǔ)了**省油田行業(yè)的空白，在國內(nèi)處于領(lǐng)先水平；年生產(chǎn)量可達(dá)6000臺，經(jīng)濟(jì)效益有了大幅度提高。2008年5月，被省科技廳授予“**省科技企業(yè)”稱號。企業(yè)按照清潔、節(jié)約發(fā)展的要求，確定“以市場開發(fā)求生存，以產(chǎn)品開發(fā)謀發(fā)展”的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，以全新的經(jīng)營理念，充分發(fā)揮科技優(yōu)勢；以市場為導(dǎo)向，加快新產(chǎn)品開發(fā)步伐，為企業(yè)實現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展注入了新鮮血液和生機(jī)。企業(yè)的總工獲**市第三屆青年科技獎。在中層以上管理干部中，大學(xué)本科以上占48%，具有現(xiàn)代化管理理念，思路開闊、大膽創(chuàng)新、勇于實踐，形成了科學(xué)管理體系。3 產(chǎn)業(yè)化條件隨著國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，自主研發(fā)節(jié)約清潔型產(chǎn)品的地位日趨重要。企業(yè)多年一直從事采油設(shè)備產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)、研制工作，具有設(shè)計、制造、調(diào)試、服務(wù)整體優(yōu)勢，企業(yè)培養(yǎng)的各方面專業(yè)人才，為本項目擴(kuò)建提供了有利條件。董事長**：本科學(xué)歷，獨立創(chuàng)建了**市采油設(shè)備廠，具有較強(qiáng)的創(chuàng)新意識和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)才能，在他的帶動下，企業(yè)從無到有，從弱到強(qiáng)，目前本企業(yè)已成為**市支柱企業(yè)。47第六章 技術(shù)路線第六章 技術(shù)路線1 頂層設(shè)計防腐耐磨油管管材的制備技術(shù)主要采用多元深孔輝光離子氮化技術(shù)。本產(chǎn)品與現(xiàn)有的包括脈沖真空氣體氮化在內(nèi)的所有防腐耐磨油管相比，氮化層更深、更均勻，硬度更高，耐磨、防腐能力更強(qiáng)。采用輔助陽極和強(qiáng)制過氣等深孔氮化技術(shù)，對內(nèi)表面實行深孔處理，突破常規(guī)氮化處理方法對長管內(nèi)孔無法正常處理的難題，同時解決了打弧及拉弧問題。在整個過程中采用全自動控制，工作過程是：抽真空，在30Pa300Pa真空室內(nèi)，在陰極（油管）和陽極（容器）之間通過400V1100V直流脈沖高壓電，在油管周圍產(chǎn)生輝光放電，此種情況下可使通入真空中的N、H化合物和CO2的混合氣體發(fā)生電離，同時使其以離子的方式濺射。防腐耐磨材料沉積后會與油管表面產(chǎn)生置換反應(yīng)進(jìn)入油管表面，再與介質(zhì)中的氫發(fā)生還原反應(yīng)變?yōu)閱钨|(zhì)元素，進(jìn)入油管向內(nèi)部擴(kuò)散滲入。離子滲氮是一種無污染的滲氮工藝，其耗用氮量為氣體滲氮的1/100；離子滲氮是在真空容器中，在兩個極（陰極及陽極）加上高電壓，使容器中稀薄氣體（含氮氣體）電離，形成等離子體；離子（N+、H－、NH+3）通過陰極位降區(qū)被加速對陰極（工件）進(jìn)行轟擊而實現(xiàn)的；離子在陰極位降區(qū)被加速使之具有很高的能量，其帶電粒子密度大致為1010－12/cm3，有資料表明當(dāng)電壓為800V時，N+能量相當(dāng)于520℃氣體滲氮時的游離氮原子能量的3000倍，加速了滲氮過程并提高了滲層及表面質(zhì)量，并使油管內(nèi)壁表面能高尖端突起消失，油管液固面附著力大幅度下降，可減輕甚至杜絕液固面異物沉積。1℃（穩(wěn)態(tài)時）8極限真空度9壓升率10允許最高溫度650℃11有效工作容積Φ14001000012裝爐量單管離子滲氮試驗爐氮化試驗件硬度梯度曲線圖6005