【正文】 practice, as described above, into new areas of opportunity.（結(jié)果是，“ surveyor”的角色大大超越傳統(tǒng)實(shí)踐領(lǐng)域――如前面所述 的領(lǐng)域，進(jìn)入到新的【 opportunity 機(jī)會(huì)、時(shí)機(jī)】的領(lǐng)域。） More explicit job descriptions such as Land Surveyor, Engineering Surveyor or Hydrographic Surveyor for example, are monly used by practitioners to more clearly describe and market their specialized expertise.（更具體的【 explicit 清楚的、直接的】工作如土地測(cè)量員、工程測(cè)量員和水道 測(cè)量員，一般【 monly 一般地】被業(yè)內(nèi)人士【 practitioners 從業(yè)者】用來更準(zhǔn)確的描述他們的專門技術(shù)。 it has been introduced worldwide in a number of institutes of higher education during the past few years, mostly by renaming what was previously called ―geodesy‖ or ―surveying‖, and by adding a number of puter scienceand/ or GISoriented courses.（這個(gè)術(shù)語【 term 術(shù)語】作為 一個(gè)學(xué)科【 academic discipline 學(xué)科】第一次形 成【 emerge】于加拿大；在過去的幾年里被全世界的許多高等教育研究機(jī)構(gòu)所熟知，通常是以前的“大地測(cè)量學(xué)” 或“測(cè)量學(xué)”在引入了許多計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)和 GIS 方向【或“基于 GIS”】的課程后重新命名的。） Now the term includes the traditional surveying definition along with surveying steadily increased importance with the development of new technologies and the growing demand for a variety of spatially related types of information, particularly in measuring and monitoring our environment.（隨著新技 術(shù)的發(fā)展和不斷增長的對(duì)空間關(guān)系的信息類型的需求，尤其是在測(cè)量和監(jiān)測(cè)我們的環(huán)境方面【環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)】，現(xiàn)在， 傳統(tǒng)測(cè)量學(xué)定義連同【 along with】日益【 steadily 穩(wěn) 定的】增長的測(cè)量的重要性一起包含在這個(gè)術(shù)語里了?！局弊g為：更清楚的工作描 述就如如土地測(cè)量員、工程測(cè)量員和水道測(cè)量員，一般被從業(yè)者用來更準(zhǔn)確的描述他們的專門技術(shù)。） In addition, recent advances in the technology of data collection and processing have blurred the boundaries of practice and activity between what were previously regarded as related but separate areas. （另外，最近的數(shù)據(jù)采集和處理技術(shù)的發(fā)展模糊了以前被認(rèn)為有聯(lián)系卻分離的領(lǐng)域的【實(shí)踐的活動(dòng)的 practice and activity】界限） Such developments are forecast to continue and will create new career paths for graduates whose education and training is broadly based and of a high academic standard.（可以預(yù)見【 forecast】，這 種發(fā)展繼續(xù)并將為涉獵廣泛、學(xué)識(shí)一流的【 broadly based and of a high academic standard】畢業(yè)生創(chuàng)造新 的事業(yè)。） These terms have been adopted primarily to represent the general approach that geographic information is collected, managed, and applied. （這些術(shù)語起初被采用用來表示地理信息的采集、管理和應(yīng)用的總體的 方法。） Data plotting(presentation) is handled through the use of mapping and other illustrative puter programs。）【 as part of 作為?? 的一部分，這里不翻譯出來】 The definition of Geomatics is evolving. A working definition might be ― the art, science and technologies related to the management of geographicallyreferenced information.‖ Geomatics includes a wide range of activities, from the acquisition and analysis of sitespecific spatial data in engineering and development surveys to the application of GIS and remote sensing technologies in environmental management. It includes cadastral surveying, hydrographic surveying, and ocean mapping, and it plays an important role in land administration and land use management .（測(cè)繪學(xué)定義在發(fā)展。） Geomatics is the modern scientific term referring to the integrated approach of measurement, analysis, management, storage and display of the descriptions and location of Earthbased data, often termed spatial data. These data e from many sources, including earth orbiting satellites, air and seaborne sensors and ground based instruments. It is processed and manipulated with stateoftheart information technology using puter software and hardware. It has applications in all disciplines which depend on spatial data, including environmental studies, planning, engineering, navigation, geology and geophysics, oceanography, land development and land ownership and tourism. It is thus fundamental to all the geoscience disciplines which use spatially related data .（測(cè)繪學(xué)是一個(gè)現(xiàn)代科學(xué)術(shù)語，用以 表示測(cè)量、分析、管理，存儲(chǔ)和顯示基于地球信息，經(jīng)常被稱為空間數(shù)據(jù)【 often termed spatial data】數(shù)據(jù) 的描述和位置的集成方法。它因而成為所有使 用空間數(shù)據(jù)地球科學(xué)學(xué)科的基礎(chǔ)。地理信息在環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)，陸 地和 海洋資源管理，以及房地產(chǎn)交易【 real estate 房地產(chǎn)， transaction 交易】中扮演重要角色。 and representing this information in analog form as a contoured map, paper plan or chart, or as figures in report tables, or in digital form as a three dimensional mathematical model stored in the puter. （測(cè)量傳統(tǒng)定義為確定地表、地下和地上的自然與人工地貌特征【 features 形態(tài)、特征】；并使之按比例【 in analog form】測(cè)繪成地形圖【 contoured map】、平面圖【 paper plan】或圖表，或形成報(bào)告圖表，或以數(shù)字形式形成三維立體數(shù)學(xué)模型存儲(chǔ)進(jìn)計(jì)算機(jī)。） Widely spaced, permanent monuments serve as the basis for puting lengths and distances between relative positions. （廣泛間隔開的永久標(biāo)石就作為計(jì)算點(diǎn)位之間距離的基礎(chǔ)）【 serve 當(dāng)作】 These basic points with permanent monuments are called geodetic control survey points, which support the production of consistent and patible data for surveying and mapping projects.（這種永久標(biāo)石點(diǎn)被稱為大地控制點(diǎn)，為測(cè)量和繪圖工作提供可靠和一致的數(shù)據(jù)） In the past, groundbased theodolites, tapes【卷尺】 , and electronic devices were the primary geodetic field measurements used. （過去，大地經(jīng)緯儀【 DJ 大地經(jīng)緯儀的中文縮寫】、卷尺和電子設(shè)備是大地測(cè)量的野外工作初時(shí)【 primary】的工具?！浚? In Geodetic Surveys, the shape of the earth is thought of as a spheroid, although in a technical sense, it is not really a spheroid. （在大地測(cè)量中，地球的形狀被看成一個(gè)橢球體，雖然在技術(shù)角度來看，它不是真正的橢球。） A geodetic survey establishes the fundamentals for the determination of the surface and gravity field of a country. （大地測(cè)量為建立國家范圍內(nèi)的重力場(chǎng)和確定地表架構(gòu)提供【 establishes 建立】基礎(chǔ)） This is realized by coordinates and gravity values of a sufficiently large number of control points, arranged in geodetic and gravimetric works.（這將由測(cè)定布設(shè)在大地網(wǎng)和重力網(wǎng)中數(shù)量十分巨大的控制點(diǎn)，所得到 的坐標(biāo)和重力值來實(shí)現(xiàn)） In this fundamental work, curvature and the gravity field of the earth must be considered.（在這項(xiàng)基礎(chǔ)工作中，地球的曲率和重力場(chǎng)都應(yīng)被考慮?！厩懊嬷v多數(shù)測(cè)量工作為平面測(cè)量，這里就轉(zhuǎn)折的說從事平面測(cè)量的人員能進(jìn)行的工作越來越少】） The operation of determining elevation usually is considered a division of plane surveying. （我們通常把高程的測(cè)量與平面測(cè)量分開來。） If we allowed the trench to fill with seawater, the surface of the water in the trench would represent he geoid. （如果我們?cè)试S這條溝渠注滿海水，溝渠里的水面就代表大地水準(zhǔn)面。】） We use mean sea level as a datum or, curiously and incorrectly, a datum plane upon which we can reference or describe the heights of features on, above or below the g