【正文】 ss how they feel and openly criticize(批評(píng)) the person who they think has been wrong or irresponsible(不負(fù)責(zé)的). It seems to them that this has little to do with face.Case 16 A missionWhat went wrong in this case? Contrary(相反) to general American perception(觀念), it is considered proper behavior for Japanese to be silent(沉默). It is a discreet(謹(jǐn)慎) way to show respect if he listens to others speak rather than speaking out. So the Japanese delegates(代表) did what they considered proper, ., listen quietly to what the Americans had to say. Silence often means that they are seriously thinking about the subject at issue(討論中的問(wèn)題). But many Americans will interpret(理解) silence in a conversation(談話) to mean disapproval(不滿), disagreement(分歧), or even arrogance(傲慢). This is an example that illustrates(說(shuō)明) the problem of the socalled “perceptiongap(觀念鴻溝)”. Participants(參與者) in munication perceive(感知) each other’s behavior in very different ways, which often results in misunderstanding or conflict(爭(zhēng)執(zhí)). Case 17 TomIt is customary(習(xí)俗) in China and many other Asian countries for hosts(主人) to ask their guests again and again to take more. Tom didn’t have to eat extra food if he didn’t want any more.In the ., a host will offer more food usually only once. And the Americans will take a “no” to mean “no”, whether it is the first, second or third time. However, in many other parts of the world it is considered good manners for guests not to accept an offer at first. Sometimes one mustn’t accept food the second time it is offered. Therefore, hosts try to repeat an offer until they are sure that their guests really want to decline(謝絕). Case 18 Ted WashingtonTed Washington, the marketing manager, rejected(拒絕) the sale proposals(議案) of both the American, Dale Peters and the Japanese, Hideo Takahashi, without considering who made the proposal. While the direct and outright(公然的) rejection is . with Peters, for he and the manager are from the same culture, to Hideo, it means something beyond the rejection of a proposal itself. Therefore, the two people responded(響應(yīng)) to the rejection in quite different ways. In this case, the American believes the root(根源) of the conflict(沖突) lay in different goals and objectives(目標(biāo)), therefore, Peters entered into a heated(熱烈的) discussion with Ted, trying to get his proposal(議案) accepted by producing facts(事實(shí)), figures(數(shù)據(jù)), and graphs(圖) to illustrate his case. But the Japanese believes the conflict was not in the rejection of the proposal but rather in the way it was municated, so he thinks of it as a personal attack or a sign of mistrust. In short, Americans tend to be more taskoriented(工作型) while the Japanese are more likely to focus on(集中于) interpersonal relationships（人際關(guān)系）. Case 22 An AmericanPeople from different cultures may consider their own munication style to be natural and normal, and therefore tend to evaluate(評(píng)價(jià)) other styles negatively(負(fù)面的). In this case, both people are unaware(未察覺(jué)) of the American preference(偏愛(ài)) for a direct and explicit(直率的) style in contrast to(與…相反) the more contextual(語(yǔ)境) African style. Both these municators(傳播者) are likely to leave the situation less inclined(傾向) to ask or answer questions of each other again. Case 23 A FrenchIn France it is required that all calls begin with an apology for disturbing(打擾) the answer. They are also expected(希望) to begin the call by checking that they have reached the right number, identifying(確認(rèn)) themselves, and then chatting(聊天) with whoever has answered the phone, if this person is known to them. Only after some conversation may callers indicate(表明) their wish to speak with the person they have actually called to speak to.In contrast, callers in the U. S. A. apologize only when they feel they have called at an inappropriate(不適當(dāng)?shù)? time。當(dāng)人們說(shuō)是的時(shí)候并不是我們通常意思的是，當(dāng)人們笑的時(shí)候也并不總意味著他們是高興的。部分原因是由于如此，很多人是由一個(gè)國(guó)家的這個(gè)地區(qū)移動(dòng)到另一個(gè)地區(qū)，當(dāng)他要真正融入到這個(gè)新地區(qū)或者感覺(jué)非常愜意時(shí)可能需要幾年的時(shí)間。 他的妻子開(kāi)始認(rèn)為他的丈夫不在愛(ài)他，絕望之中，她咨詢了精神病醫(yī)生。而他的妻子這時(shí)會(huì)沖向他，扣緊他的手，和他親熱。其中的一個(gè)例子就是，一對(duì)美國(guó)夫婦他們?nèi)ゾ癫♂t(yī)生那里去咨詢他們的婚姻問(wèn)題。他可能是一個(gè)在美國(guó)沒(méi)有學(xué)過(guò)視覺(jué)習(xí)俗的歐洲人。美國(guó)人經(jīng)常抱怨外國(guó)人注視他們的方式或者盯著他們看很久。甚至當(dāng)我們孤身一人時(shí)或者自言自語(yǔ)時(shí)，我們的大腦也是有一部分在說(shuō)有一部分在聽(tīng)。如果其中的一方想要終止談話，他可能會(huì)改變身體姿態(tài)，比如說(shuō)，伸伸腿，把腿交叉，敲打腿腳，再或者把目光轉(zhuǎn)移。在美國(guó)白種人的中等階級(jí)文化中，當(dāng)一個(gè)人想要顯示他是在聽(tīng)別人講話，他會(huì)看著另一個(gè)人的臉尤其是眼睛，他會(huì)從講話人的這只眼睛移動(dòng)到另一只眼睛。當(dāng)我們發(fā)現(xiàn)自己在思考時(shí)，“我不知道關(guān)于他的一切事情，但是他似乎不太真誠(chéng)”。男士們不喜歡被拒絕而大多數(shù)的女士也不想輕率的拒絕一個(gè)男士。在你獲得語(yǔ)言能力之前，你會(huì)自覺(jué)不自覺(jué)的利用這些肢體手勢(shì)語(yǔ)言告訴其他人你對(duì)自己和對(duì)他們的感想。然而這一舉動(dòng)被色拉認(rèn)為是杰克往外推他，因此色拉往后退以求遠(yuǎn)離這種親密，而色拉的這種舉動(dòng)又被杰克認(rèn)為是冷淡。他們這種形體上的靠近和眼神的運(yùn)動(dòng)傳達(dá)出了這樣一條信息，他們彼此間互相吸引。哈利十一點(diǎn)半到達(dá)約會(huì)地點(diǎn)，他們之間的談話非常友好，但是樂(lè)評(píng)卻一直存有敵對(duì)情緒。在他買飯之前，服務(wù)員先開(kāi)口說(shuō)，還是像往常一樣嗎？鮑勃點(diǎn)頭是。標(biāo)題的合理的英語(yǔ)翻譯會(huì)是兩種遺產(chǎn)。過(guò)分依賴于詞典是這種反應(yīng)的原因（在那些不熟悉日本語(yǔ)言的的人當(dāng)中）。F意思是兩個(gè)，S在雙語(yǔ)詞典中意思是父親或著母親。一本由TY寫的叫做FS日本小說(shuō)激起了強(qiáng)烈的反響就是由于其題目的含義。例如，M，在英語(yǔ)中是問(wèn)題。適得其反。另一個(gè)求助的辦法是自我貶低的觀點(diǎn)，這聽(tīng)起來(lái)有點(diǎn)不符合邏輯。日本社會(huì)的這種豎向的本性，可能是從古代的封建時(shí)期演變而來(lái)的，他孕育了不同程度的禮貌用語(yǔ)。這些用語(yǔ)在英語(yǔ)中沒(méi)有對(duì)應(yīng)詞。一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期習(xí)慣的養(yǎng)成或許會(huì)顯著的影響著一個(gè)日本人用英語(yǔ)表達(dá)信息的方式。動(dòng)詞總是在句子的末端。說(shuō)話者因此假定聽(tīng)者通過(guò)經(jīng)歷相同的進(jìn)程才能更好的理解結(jié)論。語(yǔ)言風(fēng)格被有意識(shí)的目標(biāo)所引導(dǎo)是為了維持和諧的關(guān)系，這比大多數(shù)英語(yǔ)國(guó)度里還要強(qiáng)烈。日本人要求關(guān)系融洽。但是有一個(gè)很明顯的跡象。在同樣的電視討論中，一個(gè)美國(guó)人問(wèn)道，對(duì)于美國(guó)人要改善貿(mào)易不平衡日本人認(rèn)為應(yīng)當(dāng)怎么做。最終，他說(shuō)日本會(huì)繼續(xù)和美國(guó)保持良好的貿(mào)易關(guān)系。在討論期間，一個(gè)美國(guó)人問(wèn)道匯率的變化是否會(huì)導(dǎo)致美元的貶值進(jìn)而嚴(yán)重影響到日本對(duì)美國(guó)的出口呢。另一個(gè)例子就是，一些說(shuō)英語(yǔ)的日本人和美國(guó)的一些領(lǐng)導(dǎo)舉行衛(wèi)星電視會(huì)議來(lái)討論兩國(guó)間的經(jīng)濟(jì)和貿(mào)易關(guān)系。日本人的說(shuō)話順序正好和說(shuō)英語(yǔ)的人相反。他經(jīng)常告誡他的部下官員要用一種大多數(shù)的使用英語(yǔ)的人都習(xí)慣的方式說(shuō)話，如果他想被別人理解。美國(guó)人認(rèn)為這個(gè)項(xiàng)目肯定會(huì)被接受。因此這就會(huì)造成困擾和誤解在與其他用英語(yǔ)的人交流時(shí)。但是很多阿拉伯人認(rèn)為他們是在為那個(gè)商標(biāo)做廣告。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，城市人口更復(fù)雜并且其態(tài)度觀點(diǎn)更廣泛。此外，國(guó)家間的邊界并不總是能夠刻畫出買賣舉止的。很多年以前，在中國(guó)放映了一部電影，這種接吻戲在一些國(guó)家也曾經(jīng)播放過(guò)。對(duì)于歐盟里面的活動(dòng)，吹捧你的商品的優(yōu)點(diǎn)價(jià)值是可以的，但是對(duì)于美國(guó)，運(yùn)用比較的策略是行不通的。電話號(hào)碼含數(shù)字8的預(yù)示著好的命運(yùn)，這種信念如此流行以至于在香港的醫(yī)院里到處都是1988年8月8號(hào)鄰近產(chǎn)期的媽媽，他