【正文】 ng producers of a good according to their productivity Aggregatedemand curve 總需求曲線A curve that shows the quantity of goods and services that households, firms, and the government want to buy at any price levelAggregatesupply curve 總供給曲線A curve that shows the quantity of goods and services that firms choose to produce and sell at any level Appreciation 升值A(chǔ)n increase in the value of a currency as measured by the amount of foreign currency it can buy Automatic stabilizers 自動穩(wěn)定器Changes in fiscal policy that stimulate aggregate demand when the economy goes into a recession without policymakers having to take any deliberate action Average fixed cost 平均固定成本Fixed costs divided by the quantity of output Average revenue 平均收益Total revenue divided by the quantity sold Average tax rate 平均稅率Total taxes paid divided by total ine Average total cost 平均總成本Total cost divided by the quantity of output Average variable cost 平均可變成本Variables costs divided by the quantity of output Accelerator 加速數(shù)the effect on GDP of the increase in investment that results from an increase in output. For instance, the greater output leads a firm to believe that the demand for its products will rise in the future。s willingness to pay minus the amount the buyer actually pays Consumption 消費Spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing Cost 成本The value of everything a seller must give up to produce a good Costbenefit analysis 成本—收益分析A study that pares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public good Crowdingout effect 擠出效應(yīng)The offset in aggregate demand that results when expansionary fiscal policy raises the interest rate and thereby reduces investment spending Currency 通貨The paper bills and coins in the hands of the public Cyclical unemployment 周期性失業(yè)The deviation of unemployment from its natural rate capital gain 資本增值the increase in the value of an asset between the time it is purchased and the time it is sold capital market 資本市場the market in which savings are made available to investors categorical assistance 分類幫助public assistance aimed at a particular category of people, like the elderly or the disabled causation 因果關(guān)系relationship that results when an change in one variable is not only correlated with but actually causes the change in another one central planning 中央計劃the system in which central government bureaucrats (as opposed to private entrepreneurs or even local government bureaucrats) determine what will be produced an how it will be produced centralization 集權(quán)organizational structure in which decision making is concentrated at the top centrally planned economy 中央計劃經(jīng)濟an economy in which most decisions about resource allocation are made by the central government certificate of deposit (CD) 存單account in which money is deposited for a preset length of time, that must yield a slightly higher return to pensate for the reduced liquidity circular flow 循環(huán)流程how funds move through the capital, labor, and product markets between households, firms, the government, and the foreign sector classical economists 古典經(jīng)濟學家economists prevalent before the Great Depression who believed that the basic petitive model provided a good description of the economy and that if short periods of unemployment did occur, market forces would quickly restore the economy to full employment classical unemployment 古典失業(yè)unemployment that results from toohigh real wages。 accordingly, investment decreases credit rationing 信貸配給credit is rationed when no lender is willing to make a loan to a borrower or the amount lenders are willing to lend to borrowers is limited, even if the borrower is willing to pay more than other borrowers of parable risk who are getting loans cross subsidization 交叉補貼the practice of charging higher prices to one group of consumers in order to subsidize lower prices for another group DDeadweight loss 無謂損失The reduction in total surplus that results from a tax Demand curve 需求曲線A graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded Demand deposits 活期存款Balances in bank accounts that depositors can access on demand by writing a check Demand schedule 需求表A table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded Depreciation 貶值A(chǔ) decrease in the value of a currency as measured by the amount of foreign currency it can buy Depression 蕭條A severe recession Diminishing marginal product 邊際產(chǎn)量遞減The property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases The property that the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases Diminishing returns 收益遞減The property that the benefit from an extra unit of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases Discount rate 貼現(xiàn)率The interest rate on the loans that the Fed makes to banks Discouraged workers 喪失信心的工人Individuals who would like to work but have given up looking for a job Discrimination 歧視The offering of different opportunities to similar individuals who differ only by race, ethnic group, sex, age, or other personal characteristics Diseconomies of scale 規(guī)模不經(jīng)濟The property that longrun average total cost rises as the quantity of output increases Dominant strategy 優(yōu)勢戰(zhàn)略A strategy that is best for a player in a game regardless of the strategies chosen by the other players debt 債務(wù)capital, such as bonds and bank loans, supplied to a firm by lenders。 Goods produced domestically and sold abroad Externality 外部性The impact of one person39。s investment Fisher effect 費雪效應(yīng)The oneforone adjustment of the nominal interest rate to the inflation rate Fixed cost 固定成本Costs that do not vary with the quantity of output produced Fractionalreserve banking 部分準備金銀行體系A(chǔ) ba