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ial in a way similar to sanding. On a microscopic scale, the chip formation in grinding is the same as that found in other machining processes. The abrasive action of grinding generates excessive heat so that flooding of the cutting area with fluid is necessary.Reasons for GrindingReasons for grinding are:1. The material is too hard to be machined economically. (The material may have been hardened in order to produce a lowwear finish, such as that in a bearing raceway.2. Tolerances required preclude machining. Grinding can produce flatness tolerances of less than 194。 For deep holes in large workpieces, coolant may need to be delivered through the drill shaft to the cutting front.Machining: An IntroductionIn terms of annual dollars spent, machining is the most important of the manufacturing processes. Machining can be defined as the process of removing material from a workpiece in the form of chips. The term metal cutting is used when the material is metallic. Most machining has very low setup cost pared to forming, molding, and casting processes. However, machining is much more expensive for high volumes. Machining is necessary where tight tolerances on dimensions and finishes are required. The Machining section is divided into the following categories: Drilling: IntroductionDrilling is easily the most mon machining process. One estimate is that 75% of all metalcutting material removed es from drilling operations.Drilling involves the creation of holes