【正文】 monia, infarction, fibrosis,or pulmonary embolism，pulmonary hypertension, shunt　　type 2: decreased CO2 removal, PaCO2＞50 mmHg(millimeters of mercury)　　due to alveolar ventilation failure　　obstructive: COPD, asthma, bronchiectasis　　restrictive: neuromuscular[,nju?r?u39。str?kt??r?l]結構的 (ankylosing spondylitis[,230。tikjul?]網(wǎng)狀的, linear[39。sifi39。tain?l]縱隔 mass: thyroid ,thymoma[θai39。p?zitr?n]正電子　　Abdominal ultrasound[39。pai?r?t?ri/ volume in 1 second　　FVC: force vital capacity　　TLC: total lung capacity　　RV: residual volume　　KCO: transfer factor ( diffusion rate)　　PEFR: peak expiratory flow rate　　flowvolume loop ( inspiration and expiration[,ekspi39。lei??n]　　bronchodilatation[,dail?39。k?sk?pi]: biopsy[39。sik,]經(jīng)胸廓的 percutaneous needle aspiration[,230。k?sk?up] 胸腔鏡 lung biopsy　　open lung biopsy　　pleural biopsy　　biopsy of enlarged lymph nodes　　DDimers　　electrocardiogram (ECG)心電圖　　echocardiogram超聲心動圖　　V/Q isotope[39。d?pl?] 多普勒 USS thigh[θai]大腿 and pelvis[39。g230。230。st?sis]　　pulmonary embolism （PE） 肺栓塞　　pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) 肺血栓栓塞癥[,θr?mb?u39。θ?:r230。k?:,pum?39。 rightsided heart failure 右心衰竭　　pulmonary vascular diseases 肺血管疾病　　interstitial lung disease, ILD 彌漫性間質性肺疾病　　idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, IPF 特發(fā)性肺纖維化[,idi?39。lju:p?s]狼瘡 erythematosus, SLE 系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡　　rheumatoid arthritis, RA 類風濕性關節(jié)炎　　systemic sclerosis, SSc 系統(tǒng)性硬化　　scleroderma 硬皮病　　sjoren’s syndrome 感知綜合征　　polymyositis 多發(fā)性肌炎　　dermatomyositis 皮肌炎　　sarcoidosis 結節(jié)病[,sɑ:k?i39。r?usis, ,hem]特發(fā)性肺含鐵血黃素沉著病　　Langerhans cell granulomatosis 朗格漢斯細胞肉芽腫病[39。filik]　　Histiocytosis X 組織細胞增多癥X　　Wegener granulomatosis Wegener肉芽腫　　extrinsic allergic alveolitis 外源性過敏性肺泡炎　　pneumoconiosis 塵肺[39。l?usis] 曲菌?。篴llergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA)　　pleural disease 胸膜疾病　　bronchopleural fistula 支氣管胸膜瘺[39。l230。litik]　　bronchodilator支氣管擴張劑[,br??k?udai39。l39。t230。sti?r?id]類固醇inhaled: budesonide 布地奈德， beclomethasone[,bekl?u39。k?:tiz?un] 氫化可的松iv.　　mast cell stabilizers: cromoglycate sodium色甘酸鈉　　leukotriene[,lju:k?u39。230。m?unj?m]銨[39。tju?ri]文里氏 facemask nebulizer[39。?st?mi, ,trei]氣管造口術，tracheotomy[,tr230。nekt?mi]　　lobectomy of lung，pulmonary lobectomy肺葉切除術[l?u39。v230。sju:pain] 仰臥patient , abscess develops in apical lower lobe or posterial upper lobe.　　pneumothorax　　accumulation of air in pleural space, with secondary partial collapse of subpleural胸膜下的 bleb [bleb]大皰 rupture [39。nz39。rekt?mi]胸膜切除術, bulla[39。retik]利尿劑 can result in rapid resolution, protein 30g/L(gram/litre[39。l,bju:m?39。biliti] 滲透 increases or lymph drainage decreases　　often seen in infection ,neoplasia[,ni:?u39。sil?]腋溫　　Appearance: clear ,straw淡黃色的coloured: suggests transduate　　turbid[39。ks]血胸): tumor ,pulmonary embolism, acute pancreatitis[39。θ?:r230。r230。hi:??n]粘合　　pleural adhesion: tetracycline[,tetr?39。d?i:?l] 喉的 nerve palsy[39。ɡ230。taiv?]結膜plethora[39。 BHCG:gynaeastia and body hair loss。 cervical masses: goiter,laryngeal stenosis), smoking( exacerabates hypoxia), alcohol (acts as a sedative thereby reducing upper airway tone),neuromuscular or CNS diseases　　PSG( polysommography): overnight sleep study　　Therapy: conservative: weight loss, avoid alcohol /smoking/sedatives, avoid supine position　　continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)　　mandibular advancement device (MAD)　　adenoidectomy （curative in children）　　uvulopalatopharyngoplasty懸雍垂腭咽成形術　　maxillomandibular osteotomy　　obesityhypoventilation syndrome: collapse of alveoli at endexpiration, decreased pliance due to weight of abdomen and chest wall, central respiratory drive↓　　常用的化療藥　　cisplatin 順鉑　　Gemcitabine吉西他濱：Gemzar (鹽酸吉西他濱注射劑)　　paclitaxel。 adenotonsillar hypertrophy, micrognathia。mp?39。θr?up?θi]骨關節(jié)病　　superior vena cava obstruction (SVCO): headache, shortness of breath。feid?i?,d?i]吞咽困難　　pancoast tumor infiltrates T1 stellate [39。maisin]博萊霉素　　lung cancer　　hoarseness: due to left recurrent屢發(fā)的 laryngeal[,l230。kaineis] 鏈球菌激酶via chest drain: to lyse[lais]溶解 fibrinous[39。r230。nkri?39。i:m?]積膿癥 (bacterial infection)bloody( haemothorax[,hi:m?u39。nisk?s]彎液面shaped,rises towards axilla[230。θair?idiz?m]甲狀腺功能低下　　Exudate[39。si?r?m]血清 protein 1/2 or pleura: serum LDH2/3。nsju39。sp?39。k?sk?pi]支氣管鏡檢查 ,esp. biopsy　　types: closed, open, tension　　mediastinal deviation :trachea and apex [39。p?st??r?l] drainage　　long term oxygen inhalation : to prevent cor pulmonale　　medical: bronchodilators, mucolytics, rotating courses of antibiotics　　surgical: resection, artery embolization for hemoptysis　　lung abscess　　usually on right side, as right bronchus is shorter and more vertical。k?t?mi]　　pleurodesis胸膜剝脫術　　pleurectomy 胸膜切除術　　pleural adhesion 胸膜粘連術　　thromboendarterectomy血栓動脈內膜切除術　　inferior vena cava filter 下腔靜脈過濾器　　常見的疾病　　chornic bronchitis: procuctive cough, most days of 3 months of the year, for at least 2 consecutive years, cough with white or purulent sputum　　bronchiectasis:　　cystic[39。?t?mi, ,trei]氣管切開術)　　synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation, SIMV 同步間歇指令通氣　　pressure support ventilation, PSV 壓力支持通氣　　thoracocentesis 胸腔穿刺術[,θ?:r?k?sen39。bei??n]插