古希臘哲學(xué)英文-wenkub
2023-04-06 05:03:57 本頁(yè)面
【正文】 Epicurus Averroes Anaximander Pythagoras Anaxagoras Hypatia Parmenides Eschines Alcibiades Xenophon Alexander Socrates Heraclitus Plato Aristotle Diogenes Euclid Zoroaster Ptolemy Raphael Classical Greek Philosophy Socrates 470399 BC ? Divided philosophy into 2 groups – PreSocratics – After were based upon his ethics and methods – Philosophers versus Sophists ? Believed in a single, all powerful God ? Used dialectics (Socratic Method) to find ultimate truth Socrates ? Taken to trial (Apology) ? Convicted—he did not put on a defense ? Sentenced to death ? Drank hemlock (Phaedo) “ The unexamined life is not worth living.‖ – Socrates Plato 427347 BC ? Student of Socrates ? Born an aristocrat ? Founded the Academy –First university –Purposethinking about deeper meanings ? Wrote dialogues of Socrates, his own political theory and works of ethics Plato ? Forms or Ideas –Continuation of Socrates’ ultimate nature – Essence of something lies in the Form – Form has perfection ? Ideals es from Idea = Form – Immaterial things also had Forms ? For instance: Our remembrance of the Form of beauty allows us to see beauty in other things One of Plato’s critics said: ―I see particular horses, but not horseness.‖ Plato answered: ―That is because you have eyes but no intelligence.‖ Plato ? Spiritual is more real than the physical (Timaeus) –Physical changes, Form is eternal –Truth cannot be perceived by the senses –Perfection is only found in the Forms ? At death, the soul migrates to the World of Pure Form ? What is the concept of a perfect God? Plato ? The Republic – Idea of the perfect society – ―What is the nature of reality?‖ – Philosophers emerging from the cave Plato ? Mathematics –Supported Pythagorean school –Math is the anizing rules for the Forms which bine in various geometric shapes to create all things ? Sign on the door of the Academy ―Let no one ignorant of geometry enter here‖ Aristotle 384322 BC ? Son of a physician ? Born in Macedonia ? Attended the Academy ?Became Plato’s foremost student ? Left the Academy when Plato died ? Founded the Lyceum in Athens –More focused in natural science Aristotle ? Forms – Some Forms have qualities and quantities that are not fixed (and therefore not perfect) ? Colors or measurements – Forms can be perceived from the object itself by observation and from many others that have similar Forms to develop the nature of the Form of that thing – True nature is understood by observation – Classification of the sciences Aristotle ? Wrote on physics – Universe is eternal, finite and spherical – Earth is center of the universe – World posed of 4 elements (earth, fire, water, air) – Heavens posed of aether – 4 elements affected
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