【正文】 roject.答案：The man39。s head，原文中對(duì)應(yīng)the heads were ，放在不同的身體上；當(dāng)時(shí)間到了，可以在相同的身體上換另下一任帝王的頭像，說(shuō)明這時(shí)之前的帝王已經(jīng)沒(méi)有權(quán)利了。文中說(shuō)羅馬人因?yàn)樾蕾p希臘雕像所以模仿，這是藝術(shù)用途；文中又說(shuō)這些雕像用來(lái)傳達(dá)君主的一些想法，是政治用途。答案：It led to a period of intense scientific research.Lecture 2（學(xué)科分類(lèi)——藝術(shù)史）Narrow：Listen to part of a lecture in an art history class.Professor:Today we’ll continue our examination of ancient Roman sculpture. We’ve already looked at portrait sculpture which are busts created to memorate people who had died, and we’ve looked at relief sculpture, or sculpting on walls. And today we’ll look at yet another category of sculpture——copies. Roman’s sculptors often made copies of famous Greek sculptures.Girl Student:Why did they do that?Professor:Well, no one knows for sure. You see, in the late 4th century ., the Romans began a campaign to expand the Roman Empire, and in 300 years they had conquered most of the Mediterranean area and parts of Europe. You know the saying, “To the victor belong the spoils”? Well, the Roman army returned to Romewith many works of Greek art. It’s probably fair to say that the Romans were impressed by Greek art and culture and they began making copies of the Greek statues. (13)Now the dominant view in traditional art history is that Roman artists lacked creativity and skill, especially pared to the Greek artists who came before them. （17）Essentially, the traditional view, a view that’s been prevalent for over 250 years, is that the Romans copied Greek sculptures because they couldn’t create sculpture of their own. But finally some contemporary art historians have challenged this view. One is Elaine Gazda. Gazda says that there might be other reasons that Romans made copies. She wasn’t convinced that it was because of a lack of creativity. Can anyone think of another possible reason?Boy student:Well, maybe they just admired these sculptures. You know, they liked the way they looked.Professor:Yes. That’s one of Gazda’s points. Another is that while nowadays reproduction is easy, it was not so easy in Roman times. Copying statues required a lot of skill, time and effort. （14）So Gazda hypothesizes that copying didn’t indicate a lack of artistic imagination or skill on the part of Roman artists, but rather the Romans made copies because they admired Greek Greek statues represented an idealization of the human body and were considered quite beautiful at the time. Gazda also believes that it’s been a mistake to dismiss the Roman copies as, well, copies for copy’s sake and not to consider the Roman function and meaning of the statues.Girl Student:What do you mean the Roman function? Weren’t they just for decoration?Professor:Well, not necessarily. Under the Emperor Augustus at the height of the Roman Empire, portrait statues were sent throughout the empire. （14）They were supposed to municate specific ideas about the emperor and the imperial family and to help inhabitants of the conquered areas bee familiar with the Roman way of life. （15）You know Roman coins were also distributed throughout the empire. Anybody care to guess what was on them?Boy student:The emperor’s face?Professor:That’s right! The coins were easy to distribute and they allowed people to see the emperor or at least his likes and served as an additional reminder to let them know, well, who was in the images helped people bee familiar with the emperor. Statues of him in different roles were sent all over the empire. Now, actually some Roman sculptures were original, but others were exact copies of Greek statues and some Roman sculptures were binations of some sort. Some bined more than one Greek statue and others bined a Greek god or an athlete with a Roman’s head. At the time of Julius Caesar, I wasn’t unmon to create statues that had the body of a god and the head of an emperor. And the Romans were clever. What they did was they made plaster casts from molds of the sculptures. Then they shipped these plaster casts to workshops all over the empire, where they were replicated in marble or bronze. （16）And on some statues the heads were removable. They could put an emperor’s head on different bodies, showing him doing different things. And then later when the time came they could even use the head of the next emperor on the same body.詞匯：sculpture n. 雕塑bust n. 半身像memorate v. 紀(jì)念category n. 種類(lèi)conquer v. 征服；戰(zhàn)勝M(fèi)editerranean adj. 地中海的spoils n. 戰(zhàn)利品；贓物dominant adj. 占優(yōu)勢(shì)的；統(tǒng)治的prevalent adj. 流行的dismiss v. 解散；開(kāi)除decoration n. 裝飾idealization n. 理想化imperial adj. 帝國(guó)的empire n. 帝國(guó)emperor n. 皇帝；君主plaster cast 石膏模型workshop n. 車(chē)間；工場(chǎng)replicate v. 復(fù)制marble n. 大理石bronze n. 青銅制品題目：12. What is the lecture mainly about?解析：主旨題。文中教授放慢語(yǔ)氣強(qiáng)調(diào)Wolf做了40年的研究，Schwabe17年，將2個(gè)人的研究時(shí)間對(duì)比說(shuō)明他被這個(gè)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的研究感動(dòng)。s observations?解析：細(xì)節(jié)題，定位Schwab. 原文中說(shuō)證據(jù)說(shuō)明太陽(yáng)黑子的數(shù)量以10年為周期出現(xiàn)或消失，所以太陽(yáng)黑子循環(huán)出現(xiàn)。答案：The idea was contrary to their beliefs about objects in space.8. Which hypothesis regarding sunspots did Galileo challenge?解析：細(xì)節(jié)題，定位hypothesis和Galileo，注意文中教授自問(wèn)自答部分。答案：The progression of scientific knowledge about sunspots7. Why did European astronomers before the time of Galileo not believe sunspots were on the Sun39。答案：They are willing to work irregular hours.5. Why does the woman say this?解析：復(fù)聽(tīng)意圖推測(cè)題。文中提到exchange，不要被B選項(xiàng)（To participate in a student exchange program）迷惑。TPO18 Conversation 1（場(chǎng)景分類(lèi)——詢(xún)問(wèn)工作）Narrow: Listen to a conversation between a student and an administrator in the university employment office.Student：Hi! I hope you can help me. I just transferred from Northeastern State University near Chicago.Administrator：Well wele to Central University. But Chicago is such a great city. Why did you leave?Student：（2）Everyone asks that. It’s my hometown. And it was sure convenient to go to a school nearby. But Northeastern is still fairly small. And it doesn’t have the program I’m interested in. I want to major in international studies. And the only program in the State is here.Administrator：We do have a great program.