【正文】 as over, and a university which had once served such a distinct purpose joined the muddle of America39。起初，入學(xué)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)作了調(diào)整，但仍不夠。這一部分與人口統(tǒng)計(jì)有關(guān)，一部分與憨頭憨腦的熱忱有關(guān)。 What went wrong? Put simply, City dropped its standards. It was partly to do with demography, partly to do with earnest muddleheadedness. In the 1960s, universities across the country faced intense pressure to admit more minority students. Although City was open to all races, only a small number of black and Hispanic students passed the strict tests (including a future secretary of state, Colin Powell). That, critics decided, could not be squared with City39。 1933 年到 1954 年之間，城市大學(xué)培養(yǎng)出了 9 個(gè)后來獲得諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)的人，其中包括 2022 年經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)獲得者羅伯特 ?奧曼（畢業(yè)于 1950 年）。s golden era came in the last century, when America39。（這一段請(qǐng)高手參詳） Until the 1960s, a good case could be made that the best deal in American tertiary education was to be found not in Cambridge or Palo Alto, but in Harlem, at a small public school called City College, the core of CUNY. America39。s students averages are lower, but they are now just breaking into the top third (pared with the bottom third in 1997). CUNY does not appear alongside Harvard and Stanford on lists of America39。s elite colleges. Most of the students who apply to the honours programme e from relatively poor families, many of them immigrant ones. All that CUNY demands is that these students be diligent and clever. 批準(zhǔn)與否跟學(xué)生是不是一名運(yùn)動(dòng)員，或者是不是校友子弟，或者有沒有頗具影響力的后臺(tái)，或者是不是某個(gè)愛打抱不平的民族社團(tuán)成員，都毫無干系 —— 而這些在美國的知名學(xué)府中已經(jīng)日益成為重要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 6 萬名城市大學(xué)的五所頂尖學(xué)院學(xué)生中，約有 1100 人能得到“免費(fèi)教育”，這在花費(fèi)巨大的美國大學(xué)界可是一件稀罕事。s five top schools receive a rare thing in the costly world of American colleges: free education. Those accepted by CUNY39。t even have dorms), and, until recently, academic credibility. 對(duì)美國的大學(xué)而言，一月是一個(gè)清算的月份。TEXT 1 Rebuilding the American dream machine 重建美國夢(mèng)機(jī)器 Jan 19th 2022 | NEW YORK From The Economist print edition FOR America39。大多數(shù)要進(jìn)入將于秋季開學(xué)的下一學(xué)年學(xué)習(xí)的申請(qǐng)必須在 12 月底前完成，因此一所大學(xué)的聲望就有了客觀依據(jù)：申請(qǐng)人的多少。s honours programme pay no tuition fees。被納入城市大學(xué)榮譽(yù)計(jì)劃的學(xué)生無需支付學(xué)費(fèi)，相反，他們還獲得一份 7500 美元的定期生活津貼（用于補(bǔ)助日常開銷）以及一本筆記本電腦。申請(qǐng)加入 榮譽(yù)計(jì)劃的學(xué)生大多數(shù)來自相對(duì)貧困的家庭，其中許多人都是移民。s top colleges, but its recent transformation offers a neat parable of meritocracy revisited. 去年，城市大學(xué)學(xué)生的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化考試平均分位居全美最高分的 7%之列。s first free municipal university, founded in 1847, offered its services to everyone bright enough to meet its gruelling standards. 20 世紀(jì) 60 年代以前，有一個(gè)很好的例子可以拿來說一說，那就是美國高等教育管理最好的并不在劍橋大學(xué)或者是 Palo Alto 大學(xué)，而是在哈 萊姆（黑人住宅區(qū)），在一所名叫城市大學(xué)的公立學(xué)校里，也就是紐約城市大學(xué)的核心地。s best known colleges restricted the number of Jewish students they would admit at exactly the time when New York was teeming with the bright children of poor Jewish immigrants. In 193354 City produced nine future Nobel laureates, including the 2022 winner for economics, Robert Aumann (who graduated in 1950)。城市大學(xué)前附屬女子學(xué)院則培養(yǎng)出兩名諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)獲得者，而其在布魯克林的一所分校也培養(yǎng)出一名。s mission to ―serve all the citizens of New York‖. At first the standards were tweaked, but this was not enough, and in 1969 massive student protests shut down City39。 20 世紀(jì) 60 年代，全美的大學(xué)都面臨著招收少數(shù)民族學(xué)生的強(qiáng)大壓力。 1969 年，學(xué)生大規(guī)模的抗議讓城市大學(xué)停課兩周。s lowerend education. 可是，教育質(zhì)量卻因此驟然下降。s historic mission is a mitment to provide broad access, but its students39。s then mayor, Rudolph Giuliani, and another alumnus, Herman Badillo (1951), America39。 For instance, by 2022, all of CUNY39。s senior colleges now need respectable scores on either a national, state or CUNY test, and the admissions criteria for the honours programme are the toughest in the university39。也有小道消息稱，城市大學(xué)正在再一次挑選聰明的當(dāng)?shù)鼐用?，尤其是在科學(xué)方面。）出生的學(xué)生則榮獲許多人夢(mèng)寐以求的因特爾科學(xué)獎(jiǎng)，現(xiàn)已獲準(zhǔn)進(jìn)入榮譽(yù)計(jì)劃。很多方面都在每況愈下。 A new journalism school will open in the autumn, helped by a $4m grant from the Sulzberger family, who control the New York Times, and led by Business Week39。在一些校友（此前與學(xué)校較為疏遠(yuǎn)）的幫助下，募集 12 億美元捐贈(zèng)的行動(dòng)已經(jīng)成功了一半。根據(jù)安東尼 ?卡內(nèi)瓦和斯蒂芬 ?羅斯的一項(xiàng)“世紀(jì)基金”研究，目前美國頂尖大學(xué)的學(xué)生中僅有大約 3%來自低收入家庭，而且僅有 10%來自中等收入以下 的家庭。高德斯坦先生堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為，“杰出人物統(tǒng)治論這個(gè)詞并不難聽。 IN 2022 humanrights activists in China crowed that a littleknown search engine called Google was the most important tool ever created to skirt state censors. Users could retrieve content that Beijing banned by clicking to call up a ―cached‖ copy of the web page, stored by Google. Soon, however, Google itself was being sporadically blocked. The firm was instructed to deactivate that particular feature, and for a short time its web address was even rerouted by Chinese work operators to the website of a local rival. 2022 年，一種鮮為人知的、名叫 Google 的搜索引擎成為那時(shí)被用來避開國家審查的最重要工具。該公司接到通知，要求它取消那種特定功能，并且中國網(wǎng)絡(luò)運(yùn)營者甚至曾一度將該公司的網(wǎng)址鏈接改到一家中國本地搜索引擎（ google 的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手）上。 Having local infrastructure gives an advantage to Google‘s searchengine rivals, such as China‘s (which enjoys around 40% of the Chinese search market, pared with Google‘s 30%), and Yahoo! and Microsoft‘s MSN, which have local Chinese operations. China‘s inter market, with more than 100m users, is one of the fastestgrowing and most lucrative in the world. Can Google—with its motto ―don‘t be evil‖—do business in China without betraying its soul? 中國地方政府部門傾向于支持 Google 在搜索引擎方面的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手，比如中國百度（大約占中國搜索業(yè)市場(chǎng)的 40%份額，而 Google 為 30%），以及在中國內(nèi)地都有業(yè)務(wù)的雅虎、微軟的 MSN。這類似于該公司在其他一些同樣面臨內(nèi)容限制的國家中的做法，比如法國和德國（禁止納粹站點(diǎn)）以及美國（疑似侵犯版權(quán)的有關(guān)材料將被刪除）。 Google 公司希望自己不會(huì)落入 MSN 和雅虎如今的境地 —— 這兩家公司不得不遵守中國政府關(guān)于內(nèi)容審查和泄露用戶身份方面的規(guī)定。 Meanwhile in America For Google, taking the higher road happens to also be a way to differentiate its service. This month America‘s Department of Justice went to court to force Google to ply with a subpoena seeking more than 1m web addresses and a weeks‘ worth of all users‘ searches (down from an original demand of every web address it holds and two months of searches), albeit without any information that would identify individual users. The government wants the data in order to examine the effectiveness of software filters to block pornography, for a case involving a law prohibiting the content, which the Supreme Court ruled unconstitutional. 美國國內(nèi)反響 對(duì)于 Google 而言，向更高目標(biāo)進(jìn)發(fā)恰