【正文】 servlets. The Advantages of Servlets Over Traditional CGI Java servlets are more efficient, easier to use, more powerful, more portable, safer, and cheaper than traditional CGI and many alternative CGIlike technologies. 1． Efficient With traditional CGI, a new process is started for each HTTP request. If the CGI program itself is relatively short, the overhead of starting the process can dominate the execution time. With servlets, the Java virtual machine stays running and handles each request with a lightweight Java thread, not a heavyweight operating system process. Similarly, in traditional CGI, if there are N requests to the same CGI program, the code for the CGI program is loaded into memory N times. With servlets, however, there would be N threads, but only a single copy of the servlet class would be loaded. This approach reduces server memory requirements and saves time by instantiating fewer objects. Finally, when a CGI program finishes handling a request, the program terminates. This approach makes it difficult to cache putations, keep database connections open, and perform other optimizations that rely on persistent data. Servlets, however, remain in memory even after they plete a response, so it is straightforward to store arbitrarily plex data between client requests. 2． Convenient Servlets have an extensive infrastructure for automatically parsing and decoding HTML form data, reading and setting HTTP headers, handling cookies, tracking sessions, and many other such highlevel utilities. In CGI, you have to do much of this yourself. Besides, if you already know the Java programming language, why learn Perl too? You39。t know how to use them, what good are they? Servlet and JSP technology is supported by servers from Apache, Oracle, IBM, Sybase, BEA, Macromedia, Caucho, Sun/iPla, New Atlanta, ATG, Fujitsu, Lutris, Silverstream, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), and many others. Several lowcost plugins add support to Microsoft IIS and Zeus as well. They run on Windows, Unix/Linux, MacOS, VMS, and IBM mainframe operating systems. They are the single most popular application of the Java programming language. They are arguably the most popular choice for developing medium to large Web applications. They are used by the airline industry (most United Airlines and Delta Airlines Web sites), emerce (), online banking (First USA Bank, Banco Popular de Puerto Rico), Web search engines/portals (), large financial sites (American Century Investments), and hundreds of other sites that you visit every day. Of course, popularity alone is no proof of good technology. Numerous counterexamples abound. But our point is that you are not experimenting with a new and unproven technology when you work with serverside Java. Servlet 和 JSP 技術(shù)簡(jiǎn)述 Nagle and Wiegley， Aug. 2020， 953 – 958. 摘要： Servlet 程序在服務(wù)器端運(yùn)行，動(dòng)態(tài)地生成 Web 頁(yè)面與傳統(tǒng)的 CGI 和許多其他類似 CGI 的技術(shù)相比， Java Servlet 具有更高的效率，更容易使用，功能更強(qiáng)大，具有更好的可移植性，更節(jié)省投 資。 最終用戶一般在頁(yè)面的 HTML 表單中輸入這些數(shù)據(jù)。兩種數(shù)據(jù)都很重要。實(shí)際的數(shù)據(jù)可能存儲(chǔ)在關(guān)系型數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中。因此，我們需要 Web 中間層從 HTTP流中提取輸入數(shù)據(jù)，與應(yīng)用程序會(huì)話，并將結(jié)果嵌入到文檔中。 （ 5） 發(fā)送隱式的 HTTP 響應(yīng)數(shù)據(jù)。 HTTP 響應(yīng)數(shù)據(jù)的發(fā)送過(guò)程涉及告知瀏覽器或其他客戶程序所返回文檔的類型（如 HTML），設(shè)置 cookie 和緩存參數(shù)，以及其他類似的任務(wù)。 例如，搜索引擎生成的頁(yè)面，以及在線商店的訂單確認(rèn)頁(yè)面，都要針對(duì)特定的用戶請(qǐng)求而產(chǎn)生?；?cookie 值針對(duì)具體用戶構(gòu)建頁(yè)面的情況尤其普遍。具體應(yīng)該采用哪種方式要根據(jù)具體情況而定，但后一種方式常常更為方便，因?yàn)樗恍韬?jiǎn)單地等待用戶的請(qǐng)求。想象以下，如果一個(gè)搜索引擎網(wǎng)站完全使用 applet，那么用戶將會(huì)看到： “正在下載 50TB 的 applet，請(qǐng)等待！ ”。 理論上講， servelt 并非只用于處理 HTTP 請(qǐng)求的 Web 服務(wù)器或應(yīng)用服務(wù)器，它同樣可以用于其他類型的服務(wù)器。 效率 應(yīng)用傳統(tǒng)的 CGI，針對(duì)每個(gè) HTTP 請(qǐng)求都用啟動(dòng)一個(gè)新的進(jìn)程。同樣的情況，如果使用 servlet 則啟動(dòng) N 個(gè)線程，單僅僅載入 servlet 類的單一副本。然而， servelt 會(huì)一直停留在內(nèi)存中（即使請(qǐng)求處理完畢），因而可以直接存儲(chǔ)客戶請(qǐng)求之間的任意復(fù)雜數(shù)據(jù)。 Servlet 能夠直接于Web 服務(wù)器對(duì)話，而常規(guī)的 CGI 程序做不到這一點(diǎn)，至少在不使用服務(wù)器專有 API的情況下是這樣。 可移植性 Servelt 使用 Java 編程語(yǔ)言，并且遵循標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的 API。為 Macromedia JRun編寫(xiě)的 servlet，可以不經(jīng)過(guò)任何修改地在 Apache Tomcat， Microsoft Inter Information Server， IBM WebSphere 。 廉價(jià)