【正文】 這樣三個(gè) 方面。老年人出行的安全尤其重要，～般需要有人伴護(hù)，以防途中摔倒或犯病，公共場所和交通工具 也需設(shè)老人專座或老人通道，保障老年人出行的安全。家庭的溫暖，子女的孝順，享受天倫之樂；其次，老年人也需要參與社會(huì)活動(dòng)，渴望與鄰里、親朋好友的接觸和交流，害怕孤寂。這種尊重需求往往也會(huì)延伸為老年人注重自己在知識(shí)和修養(yǎng)方面的提高，對(duì)老年人的這些需求也是強(qiáng)烈的。面對(duì)我國這種嚴(yán)峻的現(xiàn)實(shí)，我們應(yīng)該設(shè)計(jì)適應(yīng)老年人的住宅，以及為老年人創(chuàng)造適合老年人居住的室內(nèi)環(huán)境。 老年人住房設(shè)計(jì)的原則 由于人口比例中老年人增多，社會(huì)人口流動(dòng)性加強(qiáng)，三代人共同生活的家庭也漸漸成為過去，同時(shí)隨著社會(huì)安全福利和個(gè)人養(yǎng)老金的增多，更多的老年人要 獨(dú)自生活，因此要求有獨(dú)立的住房設(shè)施。 2)盡可能在樓內(nèi)外為老年人提供各種鄰里交流、人際交流的公共交往空間和環(huán)境。這種方式往往忽視了老人與意識(shí)， 容易使老人在精神上產(chǎn)生被社會(huì)拋棄的想法，不利于 老人的心理健康。 適應(yīng)老齡社會(huì)的通用住宅 大多數(shù)人都不愿頻繁地搬家，而更愿意在自己從青年時(shí) 就擁有的家里渡過晚年，這里還包含有心理寄托的需要。長期以來我國基本是采用養(yǎng)老院形式，即專住型的，但是從環(huán)境心理學(xué)的觀點(diǎn)出發(fā)，同時(shí)根據(jù)國外的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和教訓(xùn)，針對(duì)我國人均收入較低（老年人尤 其如此），政府補(bǔ)貼不足，建設(shè)用地緊張，人口基數(shù)巨大，以及傳統(tǒng)的與子女同住的家庭養(yǎng)老模式等現(xiàn)實(shí)問題，我們應(yīng)將通用 住宅作為現(xiàn)在的設(shè)計(jì)重點(diǎn)。 適應(yīng)老年人的住宅要求 人進(jìn)入老年以后，身體退化，功能降低。適應(yīng)老年人居住的住宅設(shè)計(jì)必須考慮這些變化，考慮這些變化的特殊設(shè)計(jì)和要求。 2） 門適當(dāng)加寬，使輪椅可以通行。踏步面和踢面宜為異色，踏步兩側(cè)凌空時(shí)，應(yīng)防止拐杖滑出。電梯侯梯廳面積不應(yīng)小于 ，電梯門凈寬不小于 ，電梯轎廂尺寸不小于 （寬深）。洗滌臺(tái)、灶臺(tái)以及洗面臺(tái)等下面應(yīng)凹進(jìn)， 以便老人可坐下把腿伸進(jìn)去操作。衛(wèi)生間設(shè)坐便器、洗面盆、浴盆、淋浴器等，坐便器高宜為 ，浴盆及淋浴器坐椅高不大于 ，浴盆邊應(yīng)設(shè)坐臺(tái)，坐便器和浴盆處 應(yīng)設(shè)安全扶手，地面和浴池底部應(yīng)防滑。走道、樓梯宜設(shè)夜間照明，使用安全電源插座和開關(guān)。這些都決定了老人相對(duì)而言身體較虛弱，行動(dòng)遲緩，體力下降，這就要求老年人的住宅設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)從方便和經(jīng)濟(jì)角度出發(fā)，占地宜小，室內(nèi)空間緊湊，使老人平時(shí)的生活自理和日?；顒?dòng)的困難最少而且省力，應(yīng)使防火設(shè)計(jì)能保證最大安全。 室內(nèi)環(huán)境 社會(huì)的進(jìn)步，時(shí)代的發(fā)展，人的壽命也在延長，老人臥室的設(shè)計(jì)于是逐漸成為設(shè)計(jì)界的一個(gè)重要課題，要符合老年人的生理、心理與健康的需要，形成一種舒適、安逸、穩(wěn)定的環(huán)境?？紤]到老年人生理的特點(diǎn)，對(duì)衛(wèi)生間的使用比較多，因此，盡可能老人臥室設(shè)獨(dú)立衛(wèi)生間。室內(nèi)的裝飾品、掛飾等面積小的物品可用與墻面、地面、天花板的色調(diào)對(duì)比的顏色，顯得鮮艷，充滿生氣。而天花板、墻面的顏色明度應(yīng)較高，地面明度較高則可給人以明快、親切、穩(wěn)重的感覺，再配上深色的茶幾等擺設(shè)則更好。衛(wèi)浴色彩可依個(gè)性自由選擇，一般來說可以以暖色或明度較高的色彩來體現(xiàn)明朗、潔凈的效果。 3） 在沒有設(shè)計(jì)師指導(dǎo)的情況下，家居最佳配色灰度是：墻淺，地中，家私深。 7） 想制造明快現(xiàn)代的家居味，那么您就不要選用那些印有大花小花的東西植物除外，盡量使用素色的設(shè)計(jì)。 9） 空間非封閉貫穿的，必須使用同一配色方案；不同的封閉空間，可以使用不同的配色方案。床應(yīng)設(shè)置在靠近門的地方，方便老人夜晚入廁。 2）選用防滑地材 老人身體狀況再好，摔倒等情況對(duì)于他們來說還是非常危險(xiǎn)的。可將其放置在浴室門口、浴缸內(nèi)外側(cè)。 3）設(shè)置安全扶手和淋浴座椅 對(duì)于老人來說，再多的安全保障都不為過。此外，馬桶上裝置自動(dòng)沖洗設(shè)備，可免除老人回身擦拭的麻煩，對(duì)老人來說十分實(shí)用。深淺搭配的色澤十分適 用于老人的居室。其中，基礎(chǔ)照明必須選用顯色性好的優(yōu)良光源，盡量避免使用頻閃嚴(yán)重的劣質(zhì)光源。根據(jù)橫田健治的研究，對(duì)于照度較低的照明環(huán)境照度水平增加的幅度較大，而照度較高的照明光環(huán)境照度水平增加幅度相對(duì)較小，以避免由于高亮均勻性降低而導(dǎo)致對(duì)光的適應(yīng)能力減弱。當(dāng)然，老年人居住環(huán)境的照明應(yīng)注意光色的搭配，最好考慮布置了2~3 個(gè)層次冷暖搭配的燈，并具有調(diào)光功能，以便根據(jù)不同季節(jié)、不同心情、不同視覺需要進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié)。s time for the wild fruits to ripe. The picturesque Arxan in Autumn is indeed a fairyland only exists in a dream that satisfies all your fantasies. If it rains heavily on Saturday night, some elderly Chinese will say it is because Zhinu, or the Weaving Maid, is crying on the day she met her husband Niulang, or the Cowherd, on the Milky Way. Most Chinese remember being told this romantic tragedy when they were children on Qixi, or the Seventh Night Festival, which falls on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month, which is usually in early August. This year it falls on Saturday, August 2. Folklore Story As the story goes, once there was a cowherd, Niulang, who lived with his elder brother and sisterinlaw. But she disliked and abused him, and the boy was forced to leave home with only an old cow for pany. The cow, however, was a former god who had violated imperial rules and was sent to earth in bovine form. One day the cow led Niulang to a lake where fairies took a bath on earth. Among them was Zhinu, the most beautiful fairy and a skilled seamstress. The two fell in love at first sight and were soon married. They had a son and daughter and their happy life was held up as an example for hundreds of years in China. Yet in the eyes of the Jade Emperor, the Supreme Deity in Taoism, marriage between a mortal and fairy was strictly forbidden. He ordered the heaven troop to catch Zhinu back. Niulang grew desperate when he discovered Zhinu had been taken back to heaven. Driven by Niulang39。s Day. More and more young Chinese people begin to celebrate this day in a very similar way as that in western countries. Fewer people than ever will gaze at the heavens on Saturday to pick out the two stars shining bright on either side of the Milky Way, that is, if people even know on which day Qixi falls. There are ready reminders dotted about, in the form of big ads saying Sales on Chinese Valentine39。 Festival. In this day, girls will throw a sewing needle into a bowl full of water on the night of Qixi as a test of embroidery skills. If the needle floats on top of the water instead of sinking, it proves the girl is a skilled embroiders. Single women also pray for finding a good husband in the future. And the newly married women pray to bee pregnant quickly. Tradition transformed The love story of Niulang and Zhinu, and the Qixi Festival have been handed down for generations. Yet these ancient traditions and customs are slowly dying out. Many modern Chinese, particularly youngsters, seem to know more about St Valentine39。 ll wait in the line for one hour to get a ticket, and another two hours at the site, to only see a tiny bit of the place due to the crowds. Last year, 428 million tourists traveled in China over the weeklong holiday in October. Traveling during this period is a matter that needs thorough preparation. If you are short on time to plan the uping Golden Week it may not be a bad idea to avoid some of the most crowded places for now.