【正文】 to the format of the paper forms currently in use. 當潛在用戶的要求被確定之后，要將這些要求匯編成新系統(tǒng)必須滿足的需求。 Chapter 6 Software Engineering 計算機專業(yè)英語 610 The Cycle as a Whole The Traditional Development Phase The stages within the development phase of the software life cycle are analysis, design, implementation, and testing (Figure 62). 軟件生命周期的開發(fā)階段包括分析、設(shè)計、實現(xiàn)與測試等步驟（如圖 62所示）。即使軟件有優(yōu)秀的設(shè)計和齊備的文檔，理解也是一個很困難的工作。但是，軟件進入修改階段或者是因為錯誤被發(fā)現(xiàn)，或者是因為要在軟件的應(yīng)用程序中進行修改從而修改了軟件，或者是因為先前的改變又引起了軟件其他地方出現(xiàn)了新的問題。這樣的模式對機器制造的產(chǎn)品而言也是很普通的。 統(tǒng)一體 modular design 標準設(shè)計 , 模塊化設(shè)計 objectoriented 面向?qū)ο蟮? stub , 樁模塊 give way to 讓路 ,讓步 trialanderror ，反復(fù)試驗 malfunction ，出錯 waterfall model 瀑布模型 analogy , 類推 after all stark trialandcreative 試驗并創(chuàng)造的 nonstructure 非結(jié)構(gòu)性 intuition , 直覺的知識 contradiction , 矛盾 incremental model 增量式模型 update , 更新； stepwise , 逐步的 prototype evolutionary prototyping 演化式原型 in favor of , 有利于 throwaway prototyping 拋棄原型 iron out 消除；解決困難等 documentation debugging spreadsheet , 電子數(shù)據(jù)表 Abbreviations CASE (puteraided software engineering) 計算機輔助軟件工程 GUI (Graphical User Interfaces) 圖形用戶界面 Chapter 6 Software Engineering 計算機專業(yè)英語 65 The Software Life Cycle The Cycle as a Whole U s e M o dif a c t i o n D e v e lo pm e n Figure 61 The software life cycle The most fundamental concept in software engineering is the software life cycle. 軟件生命周期是軟件工程中最基本的概念。 Requirements: Chapter 6 Software Engineering 計算機專業(yè)英語 63 New Words amp。 Expressions manufactured products 工業(yè)產(chǎn)品 lieu software life cycle 軟件生命周期 versus prep. 與 ...相對 nondescriptive adj. 非描述性的 munity , 社會 authorized , 經(jīng)授權(quán)的 leverage generic adj. 一般的 , 普通的 potential , 可能的 in terms of , 按照 , 用 ...的話 terminology personnel , 職員 inventory , 財產(chǎn)清冊 adhere to , 粘著 , 堅持 , 追隨 password , 口令 specification , 說明書 , 規(guī)范 encrypt ,將 ...譯成密碼 preprocess ，預(yù)處理 routine modular , 有標準組件的 wellestablished 充分證實的 deposition breakdown n. 分解，故障 pertaining to 與 ...有關(guān)的 maintenance , 保持 imperative ，命令式 paradigm ，模式 approach ,解決 。 Chapter 6 Software Engineering 計算機專業(yè)英語 66 The Cycle as a Whole The software life cycle is shown in Figure 61. This figure represents the fact that once software is developed, it enters a cycle of being used and modified that continues for the rest of the software39。不同之處在于，對于其他產(chǎn)品，軟件工程中的修改階段要被更精確地稱作修理或者維護階段，因為其他產(chǎn)品由于部件的磨損會有從使用到修改的過程。例如，稅務(wù)法案的改變導(dǎo)致對計算扣稅的工資程序進行修改，而太頻繁的修改則會在軟件的其他地方引起反面的作用，而這些是不會被立即發(fā)現(xiàn)的。事實上，常常是在這個階段，一個有用的軟件片段最終就被放棄了（常常是這樣），而開發(fā)一個新的系統(tǒng)比成功地修改現(xiàn)有軟件更容易。 An a ly sis De sig n Im p lem e n ta tio n Testin g Chapter 6 Software Engineering 計算機專業(yè)英語 611 The Cycle as a Whole The Traditional Development Phase Analysis The development phase of the software life cycle begins with analysisa major goal being to identify the needs of the user of the proposed system. If the system is to be a generic product sold in a petitive market, this analysis would involve a broadbased investigation to identify the needs of potential customers. If, however, the system is to be designed for a specific user, then the process would be a more narrow investigation. 分析 軟件生命周期的開發(fā)階段以分析開始 ——主要目標是確定用戶對所提出系統(tǒng)的需求。這些需求是從應(yīng)用的角度來表述，而不是用數(shù)據(jù)處理界的技術(shù)術(shù)語來表達。 Chapter 6 Software Engineering 計算機專業(yè)英語 614 The Cycle as a Whole The Traditional Development Phase Design Whereas analysis concentrates on what the proposed system should do, design concentrates on how the system will acplish those goals. It is here that the structure of the software system is established. 設(shè)計 分析關(guān)注這個系統(tǒng)應(yīng)該做什么，而設(shè)計關(guān)注這個系統(tǒng)應(yīng)該怎樣來實現(xiàn)目標。確實，正是借助模塊化的分解方法，大型系統(tǒng)的實現(xiàn)才成為可能。同樣，模塊化設(shè)計對未來的維護是有益的，因為它允許對基本的模塊進行修改。相反地，如果一個人從面向?qū)ο蟮慕嵌葋硗瓿稍O(shè)計工作，模塊就被看成了對象，而設(shè)計過程變成了確定有待實現(xiàn)系統(tǒng)中的實體（對象）以及確定這些實體是如何工作的。當然，在各種模塊都開發(fā)完成并且整合在一起之后，這個組件的測試將讓路給整個系統(tǒng)的測試。減少這樣的錯誤是軟件工程的一個目標。 Chapter 6 Software Engineering 計算機專業(yè)英語 622 The Cycle as a Whole Recent Trends As a result, software engineers insisted that the entire analysis of the system be pleted before beginning the design and, likewise, that the design be pleted before beginning implementation. The result was a development process now referred to as the waterfall model, an analogy to the fact that the development process was allowed to flow in only one direction. 因此，軟件工程師堅持應(yīng)當在設(shè)計之前進行完整的系統(tǒng)分析，同樣，設(shè)計應(yīng)該在實現(xiàn)之前完成。 Chapter 6 Software Engineering 計算機專業(yè)英語 624 The Cycle as a Whole Recent Trends On the other hand, the traditional waterfall approach to software development is in stark contrast to the freewheeling , trialandcreative problem solving. Whereas the waterfall approach seeks to establish a highly structured environment in which development progresses in a sequential fashion, creative problem solving seeks a nonstructured environment in which one can drop previous plans of attack to pursue sparks of intuition without explaining why. 另一方面，傳統(tǒng)軟件開發(fā)的瀑布模型法與隨心所欲的反復(fù)試驗并創(chuàng)造性地解決問題的方法是完全相反的。 Chapter 6 Software Engineering 計算機專業(yè)英語 626 The Cycle as a Whole Recent Trends Once this version has been tested and perhaps evaluated by the future user, more features are added and tested in an incremental manner until the system is plete. For example, if the system being developed is a student records system for a university register, the first increment may incorporate only the ability to view student records. Once that version is operational, additional features, such as the ability to add and update records, would be added in a stepwise manner. 一旦這個版本經(jīng)過測試、并且也許經(jīng)過了未來用戶的評估，更多的特性就可以添加進去并且進行測試，這樣就以一種增量的方式進行，直到完成系統(tǒng)。在增量式模型中，這些原型進化為一個完整的最終系統(tǒng) ——這個過程稱為演化式原型。 Chapter 6 Software Engineering 計算機專業(yè)英語 629 The Cycle as a Whole Recent Trends The goal is no