【正文】 ecture. 11. shape or spin the truth: to modify the truth 12. client: somebody who pays for services or advice from a person or anization 委托人 , 當(dāng)事人，客戶 ? a solicitor and his client ? cf. a shopkeeper and his customer Part II example ? Why do people tell lies (or fibs, little white lies… )? 1. What are little white lies? 2. According to the writer, what could be considered ―nice lies‖? 3. What does this sentence mean: ―What a tangled web we weave, when first we practice to deceive‖? 1. What are little white lies? () ? Little white lies are those harmless lies that are told so as not to hurt someone else. 13. ubiquitous: seeming to be everywhere普遍存在的 , 無(wú)處不有的 ? By the end of last century, the puter had bee ubiquitous. ? We are now confronted with the ubiquitous spread of English. 14. fib: a small unimportant lie 小謊 ? Have you ever told fibs? ? She told innocent fibs like anyone else. 15. invariably: always ? It‘s invariably wet when I take my holidays. ? She invariably fets to take her keys. 16. blurt out: to say something suddenly and without thinking, usually because one is nervous or excited 沖口說(shuō)出 。s resistance. ? 這一策略旨在逐步削弱敵人的抵抗力 . ? The tread (胎面 ) on the tyres has (been) worn down to a dangerous level. ? 輪胎胎面花紋已經(jīng)磨損得到了能發(fā)生危險(xiǎn)的地步了 . 20. warp: to (cause to) turn or twist out of shape弄歪 , 使不正常 , 使翹曲 。 激增 ? Smoking triggers off cell proliferation. ? Over the past two years, we have witnessed the proliferation of TV channels. ? Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) ? 防止核擴(kuò)散條約 23. cynicism: the belief that people always act selfishly 憤世嫉俗 ? What are the grave or unforeseen consequences of telling lies? ? The ubiquity of lies may cause people to be distrustful of each other, thus leading to the collapse of the whole society. ? After the initial deceit one needs to tell more lies to cover up the first one. ? ―Psychological barriers wear down。 無(wú)論如何 ? The bridge must be repaired within three days at all costs. 要不惜一切代價(jià)在三天內(nèi)把橋修好。 互換 。 伙伴 ? He is not a friend, but a business associate. 業(yè)務(wù)合伙人 ? They are associates in crime. 他們是共犯 . 26. undermine: to gradually make somebody or something less strong or effective 逐漸削弱或暗中破壞 ? undermine sb39。m cookingI just do it by rule of thumb. ? 我烹飪從來(lái)不稱重量 ——只是憑經(jīng)驗(yàn)下料。 使大驚 ? It astounds me that anyone could ever consider declaring war. ? The incident astounds both China and foreign countries. ? 這個(gè)事件震驚中外。 (2) the liar will lose trust from the deceived and get entangled in the lies he fabricates。 Pretend often suggests a vain or transparent attempt to fool or deceive: Pretend 經(jīng)常暗示一種徒勞地或明顯地去愚弄或欺騙： “ My bedmate pretended to be asleep‖ (Gee W. Cable). ―我的枕邊人假裝睡著了 ” （喬治 I assumed an air of confidence that I was far from feeling. 在我遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)感受不到自信時(shí)，我顯示出一副自信的神氣。 Feign suggests false representation or fictitious fabrication: Feign 指錯(cuò)誤的表現(xiàn)或人為的制造： The child feigned a look of innocence when his mother asked who had eaten the cake. 當(dāng)他媽媽問(wèn)誰(shuí)吃了蛋糕時(shí)，那個(gè)小孩裝出無(wú)辜的表情 . Fake implies fraudulent simulation: Fake 指欺騙性的偽裝和冒充： He faked an interest in my work. 他假裝對(duì)我的工作感興趣。s presence of mind in a dilemma and his humanist thinking about life and death. By imitating the structure, the author of the text naturally introduces the thematic concern of whether doctors should tell lies or not to the patients, the seriously ill in particular, about their true condition of health. The first two paragraphs which are put almost entirely in question form well emphasize the increasing difficulty doctors have to face in making decisions. Guided by a precept of as far as possible do no harm, many doctors believe that they have good reasons for not telling the patients the truth about their condition for their own benefit. But the author takes a different view on this issue. She gives a few reasons why patients, esp. those dying ones, should be told the truth. She also discusses the great harm the lies do not only to their patients, but also to the doctors themselves and to the entire medical profession. By making known her position, she, nevertheless, urges an open debate on this issue. General Questions 1. Why do doctors lie to patients about their true condition of health? 2. What‘s the patients‘ attitude? 3. Which stand does the author take? And you? Detailed Study of Text Hamlet‘s wellknown soliloquy: ?To be or not to be – that is the question‘. ? Hamlet being in a dilemma, thinking about life and death. ?To lie, or not to lie‘ – the doctor‘s dilemma as to whether to tell lies or not to the patients, the seriously ill in particular, about their true condition of health. Outline of Text Topic: to lie or not to lie Main idea: It discusses whether doctors should tell lies or not to the patients about their true condition of health. Supporting details: ? I. Doctors face increasing difficulty in making decisions as to lie or not to patients. (Para. 12) ? find good reasons for not telling the patients the truth about health condition for the patient‘s own sake. (Para. 35) Outline details ? III. Patients want to be told the truth. (Para. 6) ? IV. Lies do great harm to patients, doctors, and the entire medical profession.(Para. 79) ? A. harm to patients ? B. harm to doctors and medical profession ? V. Conflicts amp。 (Para. 2) If he asks, should the doctors deny that he is ill, or minimize the gravity of the illness? 要是他問(wèn)起檢查結(jié)果，醫(yī)生該否認(rèn)他得了病或?qū)⒉∏榈膰?yán)重性縮小到最低限度么？ (Para. 3)Doctors confront such choices often and urgently. 醫(yī)生常常并十分緊迫地面臨這樣的選擇。 ” (5) Armed with such a precept, a number of doctors may slip into deceptive practices that they assume will do no harm and may