【正文】 r polling all the alarm limits – typically for a SCADA system – was also driving the work to it?s limits. Finally the contract with Orsi was cancelled and an upgrade of the D/3 system was the only possible solution. It was finally carried out in march 2020. In any case it should be mentioned that the Cube approach had the advantage of a homogeneous configuration environment (for the Cube front end controllers) – pared with heterogeneous environments for ?pure? SCADA systems. SCADA (PVSSII) The H1 experiment at the HERA accelerator decided to use PVSSII for an upgrade of their slow control systems[3]. The existing systems were developed by several members of the H1 collaboration and were difficult to maintain. The 3 decision to use PVSS as a replacement was driven by the results of an extensive survey carried out at CERN by the Joint Controls Project [4]. PVSS is a ?pure? Supervisory And Data Acquisition System (SCADA). It provides a set of drivers for several field buses and generic socket libraries to implement munication over TCP/IP. The core element is the so called event manager. It collects the data (mostly by polling) from the I/O devices and provides an event service to the attached management services like: control manager, database manager, user interface, API manager and the built in HTTP server. The PVSS scripting library allows to implement plex sequences as well as plex graphics. Compared with other SCADA systems PVSS es with one basic feature: it provides a true object oriented API to the device?s data. One major disadvantage of SCADA systems is the fact that two databases, the one for the PLC and the one for the SCADA system must be maintained. Integrated environments try to overe this restriction. EPICS EPICS has emerged at DESY from a problem solver to a fully integrated control system. Starting from the data collector and number cruncher for the cryogenic control system, EPICS made it?s way to bee the core application for the DESY utility group. In addition it is used wherever data is available through VME boards or by means of Industry Pack (IP) modules. For those cryogenic systems which are not controlled by the D/3 system EPICS is used with it?s plete functionality. In total about 50 Input Output Controller (IOC) are operational processing about 25 thousand records. 1 EPICS as a SCADA System The utility group ( water, electrical power, pressed air, heating and air conditioning) is using a variety of PLC?s spread out over the whole DESY site. EPICS is used to collect the data from these PLC?s over Profibus (FMS and DP) and over Ether (Siemens H1 and TCP). The IOC?s provide the interfaces to the buses and collect the data. The built in alarm checking of the EPICS records is used to store and forward alarm states to the alarm handler (alh) of the EPICS toolkit. In addition tools like the channel archiver and the graphic display (dm2k) are used. The default name resolution (by UDP broadcast) and the directory server (name server) are used to connect client and server applications over TCP. All of these are basically SCADA functions. The textual representation of all configuration files ( for the IOC, the graphic tool, the alarm handler and the archiver) provides a flexible configuration scheme. At DESY the utility group has developed a set of tools to create IOC databases and alarm configuration files from Oracle. This way the controls group provides the service to maintain the EPICS tools and the IOC?s while the users can concentrate on the equipment being controlled. 4 2 EPICS as a DCS System Besides the basic ponents of a SCADA system EPICS also provides a full flavoured Input Output Controller (IOC). The IOC provides all of the function a DCS system requires, such as: a standard set of properties implemented in each record, built in alarm checking processed during the execution of each record。被應(yīng)用的控制系統(tǒng)的種類取決于技術(shù)要求。經(jīng)濟(jì)因素使決定趨向于協(xié)同工具。本文介紹工業(yè)控制系統(tǒng)， PlC controlled turn key系統(tǒng)，和 CCS 工具，以及它們之間的操作。此外，在實(shí) 現(xiàn)對(duì)復(fù)雜的低溫冷藏系統(tǒng)的開閉過(guò)程中，頻率項(xiàng)目顯得尤為重要。其操作系統(tǒng)是 VxWorks，而應(yīng)用程序是 EPICS。在展示端和 I / O端擴(kuò)展此系統(tǒng)的可能將有助于解決日益增加的 HERA試驗(yàn)控制的要求。由于急需給 Orsi 公司提供他們的產(chǎn)品， Cube開始起作用了 [2]。但是因?yàn)?HERA 試驗(yàn)原定時(shí)間是有限制的，所以技術(shù)問題和組織問題也迫使計(jì)劃提前。第二個(gè)由現(xiàn)有 D / 3系統(tǒng)復(fù)雜的功 能造成的額外負(fù)荷引起的。 最后，與 Orsi 公司的合同被取消了。 SCADA（ PVSS Ⅱ ）： 在 HERA加速器上的 H1 實(shí)驗(yàn)中，實(shí)驗(yàn)人員為升級(jí)他們的低速控制系統(tǒng)，決定使用 PVSS Ⅱ。其核心元素叫做事件管理器。相比其他 SCADA系統(tǒng) PVSS帶有一個(gè)基本特點(diǎn)：它提供了 API給設(shè)備的數(shù)據(jù)。從成為低溫控制系統(tǒng)的數(shù)據(jù)收集器和數(shù)量控制器， EPICS成為了德國(guó)電子同步加速器研究所公用事業(yè)集團(tuán)使用的核心系統(tǒng)。 作為一個(gè) SCADA系統(tǒng)的 EPICS： 該公共事業(yè)組（水，電，壓縮空氣，加熱和調(diào)溫）使用各種散布在整個(gè)德國(guó)電子同步加速器研究所網(wǎng)站上的 PLC。所有這些都是基本的 SCADA功能。 作為一個(gè) DCS系統(tǒng)的 EPICS： 作為 SCADA 系統(tǒng)的基本組成部分， EPICS 還提供完整的輸入輸出控制器（ IOC）。后者大大降低了 信息擁堵的情況。 智能 I / O： I / O設(shè)備上的新發(fā)展允許在更小的群體中集群 I / O并把這些集群 I / O渠道鏈接到控制系統(tǒng)。但是，在極少數(shù)情況下，只通過(guò)商業(yè)的立場(chǎng)時(shí)難以回答的。它的缺點(diǎn)就是復(fù)雜，難以達(dá)到控制屬性。對(duì)顯示和控件的屬性的支持是必不可少的。為復(fù)雜的啟動(dòng)和關(guān)閉處理程序設(shè)立的頻率程序也可以運(yùn)行工作站。所有 SCADA系 統(tǒng)在市場(chǎng)商業(yè)運(yùn)作中是可行的。 新的工業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。開放 API 或腳本支持有時(shí)有助于整合用戶的硬件。編碼發(fā)電機(jī)可以產(chǎn)生 C代碼。運(yùn)行時(shí)環(huán)境取決于相關(guān)代碼。另外，這些嵌入式屬性修改是很難尋覓，因?yàn)槠渲猩婕皟蓚€(gè)或兩個(gè)以上軌道系統(tǒng)這可能是一個(gè)有力的論據(jù)是，為什么控制回路主要實(shí)施在 IOC層面，而不 是 PLC’ s 層面。 前端控制器： 對(duì)控制系統(tǒng)的核心要素之一，是前端控制器。 PLC’ s 和智能 I / O子系統(tǒng)的差別正在消失。此外，定期執(zhí)行一個(gè)確定功能的基本特征也讓他們通過(guò)以太網(wǎng)通信，包括內(nèi)置的 HTTP服務(wù)器和不同集合的通訊方案。靈活的命名方案，默認(rèn)的顯示和每個(gè)記錄的報(bào)警屬性緩和了運(yùn)作工具和 IOC 之間的連接。德國(guó)電子同步加速器研究所公用 事業(yè)集團(tuán)已制定了一套工具來(lái)創(chuàng)建 IOC數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)和配置文件。此外，如通道歸檔和圖形顯示（ dm2k） 會(huì) 被使用。 EPICS通過(guò)其完整的功能，運(yùn)用于沒有由 D / 3系統(tǒng)控制的 低溫冷藏系統(tǒng)。集成環(huán)境將努力克服這個(gè)限制。它還提供附加的管理服務(wù)，如：控制經(jīng)理，數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)管理，用戶界面， API經(jīng)理以及在建的 HTTP服務(wù)器。在 CERN 由聯(lián)合控制項(xiàng)目 [4]進(jìn)行的廣泛調(diào)查促使他們做出 使用 PVSS作為代替品的決定。在 2020年 3月，此系統(tǒng)最后被付諸實(shí)踐。所有的附加功能都必須添加進(jìn)去。有兩個(gè)因素引起了這些問題。這包括 D / 3，以及德國(guó)電子同步加速器研究所的集成總線 SEDAC 和 VME 的溫度轉(zhuǎn)換器。而通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)的暢通與否取決于不存檔的數(shù)據(jù)總量，不取決于報(bào)警系統(tǒng)中配置的數(shù)據(jù)。 德國(guó)電子同步 加速器研究所對(duì)過(guò)程管理系統(tǒng)的篩選 集散控制系統(tǒng)（ D/ 3）： 市場(chǎng)調(diào)查表明：來(lái)自 GSE的 D / 3系統(tǒng)被 HERA低溫冷藏工廠選中。因?yàn)橐寻惭b的 D / 3系統(tǒng) [1] 只提供了與多總線板串行連接，以實(shí)現(xiàn) DMA與 VME的連接并用其模擬多總線板的功能。這項(xiàng)新技術(shù)是必需的，因?yàn)榈乾F(xiàn)有的硬件沒有能力來(lái)處理標(biāo)準(zhǔn)過(guò)程控制信號(hào)，如 4至 20 毫安的電流輸入和輸出信號(hào)。多年的操作經(jīng)驗(yàn)表明哪個(gè)解決方法是最主要的不重要，重要的 是哪個(gè)可行。任何決定都有它的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)。 configuration tools for the processing engine. The flexible naming scheme and the default displ