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土木工程外文翻譯----建筑類型和設(shè)計-建筑結(jié)構(gòu)-wenkub

2023-05-19 14:12:05 本頁面
 

【正文】 roblems ,it is also necessary to follow the local townplanning regulations which are concerned with public amenities ,density of population ,height of buildings ,proportion of green space to dwellings ,building lines ,the general appearance of new properties in relation to the neighbourhood ,and so on . There is little standardization in industrial buildings although such buildings still need to ply with local townplanning regulations .the modern trend is towards light ,airy factory buildings .generally of reinforced concrete or metal construction ,a factory can be given a “shed ”type ridge roof ,incorporating windows facing north so as to give evenly distributed natural lighting without sunglare .Assessment of natural radioactivity levels and radiation hazards due to cement industry Abstract The cement industry is considered as one of the basic industries that plays an important role in the national economy of developing countries. Activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in Assiut cement and other local cement types from different Egyptian factories has been measured by using γray spectrometry. From the measured γray spectra, specific activities were determined. The measured activity concentrations for these natural radionuclides were pared with the reported data for other countries. The average values obtained for 226Ra, 232Th and 40K activity concentration in different types of cement are lower than the corresponding global values reported in UNSCEAR publications. The manufacturing operation reduces the radiation hazard parameters. Cement does not pose a significant radiological hazard when used for construction of buildings. 1. Introduction The need for cement is so great. That it considered a basic industry. Workers exposed to cement or its raw materials for a long time especially in mines and at manufacturing sites as well as people, that spend about 80% of their time inside offices and homes (Mollah et al., 1986。 Tzortzis et al., 2020). But information about the radioactivity of these materials in Egypt is limited. Knowledge of the occurrance and concentration of natural radioactivity in such important materials is essential for checking its quality in general and knowing its effect on the environment surrounding the cement producing factories in particular. Because of the global demand for cement as a building material, the present study aims to: (1) Assess natural radioactivity (226Ra, 232Th and 40K) in raw and final products used in the Assiut cement factory and other local factories in Egypt. (2) Calculate the radiological parameters (radium equivalent activity Raeq, level index Iγr, external hazard index Hex and absorbed dose rate) which is related to the external γdose rate. The results of concentration levels and radiation equivalent activities are pared with similar studies carried out in other countries. 2. Experimental technique . Sampling and sample preparation Fifty seven samples of raw materials and final products used in the Assiut cement factories were collected for investigation. Twenty five samples of raw materials were taken from (Limestone, Clay, Slag, Iron oxide, gypsum) which are all the raw material used in cement industry, 20 samples of final products were taken from Assiut cement (Portland, ElMohands, White, and Sulphate resistant cement ()). For parison with products from other factories, 8 samples were taken from the ordinary Portland cement from (Helwan, Qena, Elkawmya, Torra) and 4 samples were taken of white cement (Sinai and Helwan). Each sample, about 1kg in weight was washed in distilled water and dried in an oven at about 110 176。 工業(yè)樓宇廠房可用于加工和制造各類采礦業(yè),冶金工業(yè),機械制造,化學工業(yè)和紡織工業(yè)等領(lǐng)域。一個客廳,一個廚房和廁所,公共建筑,可以在政治文化活動,管理工作和其他服務(wù),如學校,寫字樓,公園,醫(yī)院,商店,車站,影劇院,體育場館,賓館,展覽館,洗浴池,等等,他們都有不同的功能,這在需要以及不同的設(shè)計類型。 在 60 年代中期最重要的住房價值足夠空間的內(nèi)部和外部。無障礙公共交通已不再是決定性因素,在住房,因為大多數(shù)工人開著自己的車上班的人。”天“的房間,一般包括用餐室,起居室和廚房,但其他房間,如一項研究,可能會補充說,可能有一個大廳,客廳,通常是最大的,往往是作為一個餐廳,也或廚房,可有一個用餐涼亭。 這也是必須考慮的前景問題,從不同的 房間,和那些在使用中最應(yīng)該盡可能最好朝南。一般的鋼筋混凝土或金屬建筑,工廠可以給出一個“棚”類型脊屋頂,將朝北的窗口,給均勻分布沒有自然采光,陽光刺眼。這些天然放射性核素的活度濃度與其他國家報告的數(shù)據(jù)進行比較。 1。帕雷德斯等人, 1987 年水泥或原料曝光水泥或它是必要的現(xiàn)實,所以我們應(yīng)該知道的水泥及其原料的放射性原料)的結(jié)果。因此,在這些材料中的放射性知識是重要的,估計對人體健康的放射性危害。 建材及其組件的無線電元素濃度在人口風險評估是重要的,因為大多數(shù)人花費 80%的時間是在室內(nèi)。佐等, 2020。但這些材料在埃及的放射性的信息是有限的。 與其他國家進行類似的研究,濃度和輻射相當于活動的結(jié)果進行了比較。 25個樣品取自原材料(石灰石,粘土,礦渣,氧化鐵,石膏),這是在水泥行業(yè)中使用的所有原材料,最終產(chǎn)品的樣品取自 20艾斯尤特水泥( 波特蘭, ELMohands,白,耐硫酸鹽水泥( SRC)的)。加權(quán)樣本被放置在聚乙烯燒杯中,體積 350立方厘米。儀器儀表和校準 活度測量進行伽瑪射線光譜儀,采用 3“ 3”閃爍探測器。鉛濰坊學院本科畢業(yè)論文 10 屏蔽含有銅的同心圓筒內(nèi)部( ), X射線吸收鉛。一個專用的軟件程序( 2020)從堪培拉精靈分析每個測量γ射線譜。硅酸鹽水泥的所有測量樣品中 226Ra和 232Th的活度濃度與其他國家的相應(yīng)值相媲美。在水泥的原料和最終產(chǎn)品的放射性變化,從一個國家到另一個內(nèi)同一類型的材料,從不同的地點。由于這種低抗拉能力,在裝貨的早期階段彎曲裂縫的發(fā)展。 這種強加的縱向力,被稱為 1預(yù)應(yīng)力,即,壓縮力,部分預(yù)應(yīng)力沿跨度的結(jié)構(gòu)型元素之前死和活荷載或暫態(tài)水平活荷載橫向重力的應(yīng)用。圖 顯示簡單跨度鋼筋混凝土梁施加載荷下破獲。力,應(yīng)用到具體的質(zhì)心相對偏心,會產(chǎn)生一個縱向壓應(yīng)力分布,從零線性變化,在頂面最大的混凝土應(yīng)力, =,在底部,是從具體的質(zhì)心的距離在哪里底梁,橫截面的慣性的時刻,是梁的深度。從裝載的緊張局勢是由壓縮引起的預(yù)應(yīng)力補償。環(huán)箍。這是因為從彎矩產(chǎn)生的拉力是在加固過程中創(chuàng)建的債券抵制。一旦超過混凝土的彎曲拉伸強度,預(yù)應(yīng)力成員開始像鋼筋混凝土元素。不幸的是,這種節(jié)能材料的重量是平衡的預(yù)應(yīng)力需要更高質(zhì)量的材料成本較高。 豆大跨度鋼筋混凝土一旦超過 70至 90英尺( ),梁的自重成為過度,造成較重的成員,因此,更大的長期撓度和打擊。隨后,他開發(fā)的想法,連續(xù)后張無粘結(jié)棒在棒中的成員,因為蠕變和收縮長度減少由于時間依賴的壓力損失補償。 abeles 引進和開發(fā)部分預(yù)應(yīng)力概念 20 世紀 30 年代和 60年代之間。 通常情況下,大幅度提高抗壓強度混凝土用于預(yù)應(yīng)力結(jié)構(gòu)比普通鋼筋混凝土建造的。 ( 2)在后張法施工,高承載強調(diào)在預(yù)應(yīng)力筋轉(zhuǎn)移到直接承。這意味著應(yīng)用預(yù)應(yīng)力下的初始彈性應(yīng)變的降低和減少蠕變,這大約是成正比的彈性應(yīng)變。林的負載均 衡方法值得特別提及的是,在這方面,因為它大大簡化,特別是在連續(xù)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計過程中。此后,預(yù)應(yīng)力開發(fā)步伐的加快在美國的坦克和管道,水,液體 的數(shù)千輛坦克,儲氣庫的建成和預(yù)應(yīng)力壓力管道鋪設(shè)在隨后的二,三十年的里程。 預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土是不是一個新概念,可以追溯到 1872年,當 PH值杰克遜,來自加利福尼亞州的一名工程師,發(fā)明了一種預(yù)應(yīng)力系統(tǒng),使用拉桿從單個 塊構(gòu)造梁或拱。 盡管這些額外費用,如果一個大型預(yù)制件的數(shù)量足夠制造的,至少在預(yù)應(yīng)力鋼筋混凝土系統(tǒng)的初始成本之間的差異通常是非常大。在一般情況下,預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土構(gòu)件 的深度通常是等效的鋼筋混凝土構(gòu)件的深度約 65至 80%。 在鋼筋混凝土構(gòu)件的加固,不施加任何成員自身的力量,相反的行動預(yù)應(yīng)力鋼。 從前面的討論,這是平原之前創(chuàng)建完整的死和活荷載適用于以消除或大大減少這些負載造成的凈拉伸應(yīng)力,預(yù)應(yīng)力結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件的永久應(yīng)力。另外,建筑材料(混凝土和鋼)更有效地利用。 應(yīng)用于預(yù)應(yīng)力 梁后負荷。因為沒有約束對裂縫向上延伸,光束就會崩潰。由于縱向預(yù)應(yīng)力施加沿著或平行的成員軸,預(yù)應(yīng)力原則通常被稱為線性預(yù)應(yīng)力。這股力量阻止裂縫的發(fā)展,以消除或大大減少在關(guān)鍵
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