外商直接投資和貿(mào)易對中歐及東歐國家就業(yè)的影響針外文翻譯-國際貿(mào)易-wenkub
2023-05-19 12:29:05 本頁面
【正文】 mployment in central and Eastern European Countries: A CountrySpecific Panel Data Analysis for the Manufacturing Industry 出 處： European Community Studies Association of Austria Publication Series, 1, Volume 12, The EU and Emerging Markets, Part 2, Pages 7194 作 者 : 214。 Boeri and Terrell, 2020). In general, pared to the pretransition era there has been a sharp contraction in employment, an increase in open unemployment, a massive exit from the labor market, and only moderate job creation. One question is how much of that negative development in employment in the posttransition era can be related to the previous labor hoarding. While earlier research on “idle employment” in the CEECs indicates a continuation of the problem (eg. Kajzer, 1995。 Poland went into the transition less reformed but achieved high elasticities in the transition years。 however even then although new capacities usually increased employment, technological progress also led to layoffs simultaneously. Moreover, most of the Greenfield jobs have been created in the service sector such as banking,retail and real estate. Irrespective of the initial method of entry, FDI is now increasingly taking the form of reinvestment of profits, the results of which are yet to be seen. Apart from the direct effects, indirect negative effects of FDI are also observed (Hunya and Geishecker, 2020): jobs were destructed through negative spillovers as foreign investors replaced traditional domestic suppliers by imports or domestic firms disappeared or downsized due to intensified petition of larger and technologically more advanced subsidiaries of multinational enterprises. Overall Hunya and Geishecker (2020) find that domesticallyowned manufacturing panies reduced the number of employed while foreignowned enterprises expanded that number. In this study, we shall estimate the effects of FDI and foreign trade on sectoral employment in order to shed light on the aggregate direct and indirect job creation and destruction effects. Regarding the role of labor market institutions in determining labor demand, many indicators show that the newly formed labor markets in the CEECs are rather flexible. Thus wage or employment rigidity does not seem to be the reason behind the disappointing employment performance in the 2020s. Based on panel data estimation of wage bargaining equations for the subsectors of manufacturing in the CEECs, Onaran and Stockhammer (2020) find that wages are highly flexible with respect to unemployment. Boeri and Garibaldi (2020) report that wage floors in the New Member States(NMS) are often not binding, and are rarely enforced in the private sector。歐洲的經(jīng)濟(jì)正以一個(gè)驚人的速度進(jìn)行整合，但通過外商直接投資和國際貿(mào)易并不能減少失業(yè)。為了應(yīng)對供給和需求的減少，對勞動(dòng)市場進(jìn)行了調(diào)整。政府也關(guān)心失業(yè)問題，但是許多國有企業(yè)都受軟預(yù)算的約束。一般來說，相對于前過渡時(shí)期，就業(yè)量急劇收縮，公開失業(yè)量增加，勞動(dòng)市場大量輸出 勞動(dòng)力，但也只能在一定程度上緩解失業(yè)。后來研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，在過渡時(shí)代的早期得出的結(jié)論 —— 就業(yè)對二十世紀(jì)九十年代的經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條更為敏感，表明前階段的勞動(dòng)囤積問題得到扭轉(zhuǎn)。捷克共和國和斯洛伐克也實(shí)現(xiàn)了高彈性，雖然他們是從勞動(dòng)改制開始的，與銷售的關(guān)系不大。易志優(yōu)墨和瓦浩麗（ 2020）利用后衰退時(shí)期的 19952020年的十個(gè)中東歐國家的數(shù)據(jù)
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