新科學(xué)和技術(shù)以及創(chuàng)新在印度的發(fā)展外文翻譯-wenkub
2023-05-19 01:08:10 本頁面
【正文】 oriented. They have been directing their efforts towards international quality Ramp。D centers in technology intensive industries, mostly to take advantage of the strong pool of highlytrained engineers and scientists. Before 1991, there were only two such centers in the country. Apart from the setting up of new centers in India to take advantage of the liberalized atmosphere, the raison d’234。T policy have existed – policies related to technology transfer from abroad through formal modes such as FDI, technology licensing and capital goods imports and domestic technology generation policies. Having realized that the pursuit of autarkic economic policies in much of the postindependence period to 1990 was a mistake, India undertook sweeping reforms as a way of speeding economic growth and achieving faster integration into the world economy. Part of these reforms has been the reenactment of a science and technology policy more suited to the achievement of the goals of building a prosperous nation. 3. Response to/Impact of Reforms Global Ramp。T policy, although it must be said that Ramp。 Technology Polices 作 者 ： PIKAY RICHARDSON 原文 : Abstract This paper reviews the science and technology policies of India and how these have fashioned India’s technology capability over the years. It shows that while India has achieved enormous strides in the area of science, technology and innovation, inappropriate policies in the past have hampered the development of an effective national innovation system. The paper concludes by drawing lessons for the development of an EUwide science and technology policy 2. Trends in STI Developments in India Trends in India’s Science and Technology Policy It has long been recognized that investment in science and technology makes substantial contribution to economic growth in terms of higher growth rates of an economy’s total factor productivity (Abramovitz, 1956, Denison 1962 and Solow, 1957, among others). In addition to direct returns, huge (positive) externalities have also been found to be associated with it (Abramovitz, 1989). Taking cognisance of the importance of technology’s role in development, advanced countries nurture continuing development of science and technology and most developing countries adopt Ramp。D policies in the early phases of their development. Science and Technology policy constitutes an integral part of a nation’s overall industrial policy (Barber and White, 1987). While the former shapes the pace and direction of technology development, the latter determines the nature of demand. This section reviews the evolution of Science and Technology policy in India since independence。D may lead to results that may also change the course of industrial policy. Even so, Samp。D Centers Hirwani and Jain (1999) have shown that although marketoriented activities were more important to MNEs in most of the 1990s, technology oriented activities are growing in importance. Hitherto, MNEs had been emphasizing a strategy of customizing products for the Indian market and of obtaining costefficient manufacturing facilities in India. Increasingly, however, there has been a clear move towards obtaining access to high quality scientists, engineers and designers in India. Some Ramp。tre and mode of operation of existing centers have also been changing by the new market environment. Some panies have pletely restructured their Ramp。D. Two recent major policy thrusts have been (a) an increase in the quest for patenting in Europe and the USA, as a means of engendering a strong desire to undertake Ramp。s partic
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